European Advertising vs. American Advertising Free Essays

Research Paper ARS 230 The fundamental part of promoting is to ‘get all the more blast for the buck’, to make it stylishly satisfying to the eye and addition the viewer’s consideration. Consistently, promoting has shifted from multiple points of view from infectious trademarks to notorious logos. Some may state there is nothing amiss with a little sound rivalry, yet imagine a scenario in which one zone is picking up the advantages somewhat not quite the same as the others in light of their strength. American and European publicizing are altogether different socially just as stylishly. We will compose a custom paper test on European Advertising versus American Advertising or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now There has consistently been a social distinction in the style of promoting among America and Europe, regardless of whether it is sexual substance, pattern or inventiveness. A striking intensity is by all accounts a drifting methodology in Europe, while exemplary explanation takes a hold of America. Specialists have said that one fundamental contrast among American and European ads is that European advertisements utilize passionate extorting while American promotions explanation behind you. Both European and American publicizing advantage in showcasing, it is essentially simply an issue of adequacy dependent on the crowd. When looking at the two societies of promotion, American versus European, it is sheltered to state that nobody approach is better, just unique. It is looked at as feeling versus item. America is centered around offering the item and contrasting it with different contenders while Europe is increasingly centered around the feeling and excellence of the real promotion. â€Å" A pattern is grinding away that has gone a lot further in the United States than in Europe. The pattern has been showed in ongoing decades by an emotional development in the quantity of independent brands and brand variations, a multiplication that has deadeningly affected American advertising,† (Jones). America is viable due to the quantity of brands that are created and analyzed where Europe is increasingly viable by remaining faithful to their brands and explaining on business publicizing. Taking a gander at a notice in Europe may grab your attention in light of the strength. Europe is notable for utilizing sexual bareness to advance an item, basically in light of the fact that ‘sex sells’. Moving toward publicizing from an alternate perspective would be inwardly. In America, publicizing can be portrayed as hard selling. Hard selling is a battle or notice that is immediate, mighty and directly to the point. For instance while viewing an American safety belt cautioning on Youtube, the business is just founded on the adage, â€Å"Click it or Ticket†, demonstrating normal individuals driving their vehicles and getting pulled over by officials and accepting a ticket and fine. The business is to the point and straight forward, demonstrating basically no feeling. The methodology that American advertising organizations have utilized is powerful by saying ‘If you don’t’ wear your safety belt, at that point you will be constrained by law to pay a fine’. Additionally contrasted with the American business is the European commercial’s proverb, â€Å"Heaven Can Wait†, is a passionate handle on losing your life over not wearing your safety belt. In spite of the fact that the two are attempting to convey a similar thought, the European strategy appears to make a gentler or milder intrigue to the watcher by fusing feeling and reality into the fantastic plan. The feeling, dread, is consolidated into this business and persuades the crowd to activity. We as should be obvious how both American and European promoting is fruitful; it is hard not to see one as progressively powerful. Another part of publicizing that can separate the two societies is the style of line and shading. For example, the basic fresh lines of the Nike logo, exhibits a famous swoosh and level one dimensional shading combined with the logo â€Å"Just do it,† that subliminally remains in your psyche and causes you to feel like you can be a competitor yourself. This depicts a fundamental and straightforward, yet directly to the point sort of approach. In Europe you can see a pattern of shading blocking and furthermore a craftsman like logo. â€Å"The American promoters utilize more words and features, when numerous European ones utilize more pictures and representations; they attempt to discover pictures, which in the most ideal way, with no words, will impart thoughts that remain behind them† (SYL). This can be portrayed as verbal versus visual. There are numerous approaches to analyze the two mainlands when talking about publicizing. Albeit nobody culture isn't right, American promoting appears to feel more compelling than European since you just have more item. American and European publicizing are both stylishly visual and promotionally promoted. Climate the way of life or mainland, no item or organization could be officially distributed without the excellence of notice. Book index University. , John Philip Jones; John Philip Jones Is A Professor At The Newhouse School Of Public Communications, Syracuse. â€Å"FORUM; Why European Ads Are More Amusing. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 07 Oct. 990. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. nytimes. com/1990/10/07/business/gathering why-european-promotions are-increasingly diverting. htmlgt;. Gonzalez, Mario V. â€Å"American versus EuropeanA Advertising. † Marketing WebCafA ©. WordPress, 24 Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. lt;http://marketingwebcafe. wordpress. com/2011/02/24/european-versus american-publicizing/gt;. â€Å"Comparison of American and European Advertising. † Comparison of American and European Advertising Style. SYL, 10 Oct. 2006. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. lt;http://www. syl. com/bc/comparisonofamericanandeuropeanadvertisingstyle. htmlgt; Step by step instructions to refer to European Advertising versus American Advertising, Papers

LAB report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab Report Example Then again, a dry thickness acquired through affecting of vitality on the dirt depends on the principal beginning substance of water which is alluded to as the trim substance of water. Becoming acquainted with the connection between the embellishment substance of water and the feasible thickness is a subject that has been of worry for a long time. The dry condition, and an embellishment content water increment could lead into a high dry thickness compaction. The pattern will consistent until when the greatest dry thickness is accomplished at an ideal water content trim. As the water expands, there would be a persistent dry thickness decrease. Such a response would be alluded to as the bend of compaction. So as to increase a more profound understanding concerning compaction, this trial was set to explore the compaction test. The example form base and shape mass would be resolved to the closest gram. The form distance across and profundity were estimated. The shape profundity was around 3 spots where as the trim measurement was around 6 spots + or-0.02 mm. The sledge, mass, legitimate drop, and square edges was checked for harms. An all around reviewed sand with fine that are under five percent was utilized to facilitate the lab guidance. A material with particles that are larger than average was chosen to show the test angles. Enough soggy material was chosen to give out around 12 kg of soil that is dry. The common substance of water was acquired. The measure of materials required for the purpose of compaction was evaluated. Five examples having substance of water isolated by 1.5 percent were readied. The water substance were balanced with the end goal that they section the worth that was ideal. The dirt was tempered for the time being to decrease the dissipate in the information in this way making it si mple to characterize the bend of compaction. The compaction test was done in regard to the norms of the ASTM test

100 Must-Read Bisexual Books

100 Must-Read Bisexual Books Sponsored by Girls Made of Snow and Glass by Melissa Bashardoust. Entwining the stories of step-mother Mina and step-daughter Lynet, both in the past and present, Girls Made of Snow and Glass traces the relationship of two young women doomed to be rivals from the start. Its Frozen meets The Bloody Chamber in this feminist fantasy reimagining of Snow White. In the LGBTQ acronym, the B is often underrepresented or subsumed under the L or G; bisexual books are no different, which is why I wanted to make this list of must-read bisexual books. (Note: I’m using the word bisexual as a broad, inclusive umbrella term that includes pansexual, sexually fluid, and any other word that means romantically and/or sexually attracted to more than one gender). Tired of trying to find out if the “LGBT” book you want to read actually has any bisexual content?? Wanting to see more non-monosexual experiences reflected in the fiction and non-fiction you read? Check out these bisexual books! They cover a wide variety of genres and formats: YA, memoir, fantasy, science fiction, historical fiction, realism, graphic novels, anthologies, classics, and more! Looking for even more bisexual books? Check out these amazing resources that were super helpful while I was compiling this list: The Bi-Bibliography (an astoundingly thorough index of bisexual books), the Bisexual Book Awards (in its fifth year of giving awards!) and the majestic Bisexual Books Tumblr. For more bisexual YA, have a look at the 100 Must-Read LGBTQIA YA Books that I wrote; for more books about bi women, read Danika’s 100 Must-Read Lesbian and Bi Women Books. Since they are harder to find, books by authors of color have an asterisk (*) beside them and books about bisexual boys, men, genderqueer, and/or trans people have a number sign (#). Enjoy and let me know if I’ve left off any of your favorites in the comments! Children’s Star-Crossed by Barbara Dee To my knowledge, Star-Crossed is the ONLY book for readers under 13 that has an explicitly bisexual young character. While playing Romeo in the school play, middle schooler Mattie discovers she has a crush on the girl playing Juliet even though she’s only ever liked boys before. Classics (Written pre-1970s) Tell Me How Long The Train’s Been Gone by James Baldwin*# This classic of American literature by seminal Black bisexual author James Baldwin is about a bisexual actor named Leo Proudhammer who is nearly felled by a heart attack at the height of his career. As he hovers between life and death, Baldwin shows the choices that have made him enviably famous and terrifyingly vulnerable. Orlando by Virginia Woolf This queer, gender-bending feminist classic by the legendary queer author is all about gender and sexual fluidity. The bisexual main character, Orlando, begins the story in the Renaissance, lives for hundreds of years, and wakes up one morning in the middle of the novel miraculously turned into a woman. It’s also fun to know Woolf intended the book as an extended love letter to her (bisexual) friend and lover Vita Sackville-West. Another Country by James Baldwin*# Black bi author Baldwin was so prolific he gets two titles on this list. Another Country is a masterly story of desire, hatred and violence opens with the unforgettable [bi] character of Rufus Scott, a scavenging Harlem jazz musician adrift in New York. Self-destructive, bad and brilliant, he draws us into a Bohemian underworld pulsing with heat, music and sex, where desperate and dangerous characters betray, love and test each other to the limit. Contemporary / Literary Fiction Black Girl in Paris by Shay Youngblood* This whimsical, improvisational, jazz-like novel is full of musings on art, race, love, and sex as it traces the story of Eden, a 26-year-old Black bisexual woman and aspiring writer who goes to live in Paris after she finishes college. Vow of Celibacy by Erin Judge This is a funny, sexy, fat-positive debut novel. Natalie is the heroine, who’s recently taken a vow of celibacy after a series of dating disasters and emotional roller coasters throughout her twenties. Her plan is to shift through her past and figure out what she’s doing wrong in the dating department and how that might be related to her bisexuality. Corona by Bushra Rehman* The main character is this collection of linked short stories is Razia Mirza, a bisexual Pakistani-American woman from a neighborhood called Corona in Queens, NY. The first stories center on Razia’s experiences in Corona’s tight Muslim community, whereas later the book follows Razia after her rebellion leads to her excommunication and she hits the road to explore the rest of America. Give It To Me by Ana Castillo* Palma Piedras is a recently divorced 43-year-old bisexual Chicana. In this heart-breaking, sexy, and funny book, Palma stumbles through life looking for belonging as she tries to find her way in life in what you could call a bisexual romp across the US. The Life and Death of Sophie Stark by Anna North The Life and Death of Sophie Stark is centered on a woman filmmaker. As each characterâ€"her (ex)-girlfriend, brother, husband, old college crush, and othersâ€"gives their version of Sophie, the charismatic, visionary artist at the heart of the story slowly begins to take shape. But her ruthless dedication to creating the best work of art leads, again and again, to a startling disregard for the loved ones who are the subjects of her films. My Education by Susan Choi* My Education is a beautiful, whirlwind tour of the throes of first love that you think is never going to end. The main character is bisexual grad student Regina, a woman in her early twenties imbued with a ton of contradictory naivety, passion, intelligence, and emotional immaturity. Her all-consuming affair with her professor’s wife Martha, described in Choi’s juicy Victorian-esque writing, roars to life. Holding Still For As Long As Possible by Zoe Whittall No writer has quite captured the community of millennial, white, bike-riding, middle-class background, artsy, educated, FAAB queers quite like Whittall has. This novel about queer twenty-somethings and their relationships is achingly authentic. Featuring a trans guy and two bisexual/queer women! All Inclusive by Farzana Doctor* It’s hard to believe, but All Inclusive is a critical look at all-inclusive resorts, bisexuality, swinging and polyamory, spirituality, death, and terrorism. The main character Amara is a Canadian working at a Mexican all inclusive, where she’s discovered she’s bisexual and enjoys having sex with couples. But Amara is still searching for her true identity, a quest that is connected to the Indian father whose disappearance has never been explained. The Small Backs of Children by Lydia Yuknavitch In a war-torn village in Eastern Europe, an American photographer captures a heart-stopping image: a young girl flying toward the lens, fleeing an explosion. The image becomes a subject of obsession for the photographer’s writer best friend, who has suffered her own devastating tragedy. As the writer plunges into depression, her husband enlists friends, including a fearless bisexual poet, to save her by rescuing the unknown girl. For Sizakele by Yvonne Fly Onakeme Etaghene* Taylor is a bisexual Nigerian college student studying in the US, passionate about social justice and activism, although her relationship with girlfriend Lee is shaky. Into this complicated situation comes Sy, a Cameroonian photographer who has a lot in common with Taylor: shared language, food, and beauty traditions as well as diasporic longing. Their close friendship begins to edge towards romantic love… The Change Room by Karen Connelly Eliza Keenan is the mother of two young sons, the owner of a flower studio that caters to the citys elite, and the loving wife of a deliciously rumpled math professor named Andrew. Then one morning, into this life that is full of satisfactions of all kinds except sexual, comes a young woman Eliza encounters at the pool and nicknames the Amazon… She of the Mountains by Vivek Shraya*# This illustrated novel is a passionate, contemporary love story between a bisexual man and his body as well as a re-imagining of Hindu mythology. Both narratives explore the complexities of embodiment and the damaging effects that policing gender and sexuality can have on the human heart. Fantasy / Paranormal / Magical Realism The Painted Crown by Megan Derr # This Bisexual Book Award winner is a sweeping epic fantasy starring a bisexual main character, Prince Istari, who “has spent his life reviled” but finds “unexpected solace…in the form of Lord Teverem.” Sister Mine by Nalo Hopkinson* Set in Toronto with fantasy elements informed by Afro-Caribbean mythology, this novel stars Makeda, a young woman with a human mom and demi-god dad. She was born conjoined with her twin Abby; their separation has left Abby disabled (she uses crutches) while Makeda hasn’t a drop of celestial mojo (magic). When her father goes missing, Makeda is forced to reconcile with her sister and jump back into the magical world she tried to leave. The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin*# The Fifth Season is an incredibly unique, inventive fantasy with a cast of complex, fascinating people (human and sort-of-human), including bisexual men and women characters. In a world constantly threatened by apocalyptic natural disasters, the people who have the special ability to move the forces beneath the Earthâ€"causing or stopping earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.â€"are both reviled and essential for humanity’s survival. Silver Moon by Catherine Lundoff Silver Moon is about menopausal women werewolves! The main character is Becca Thornton, a divorced woman who’s only dated men up until middle age. She has just come out as bisexual. After discovering she’s a werewolf, Becca realizes she’s not the only one in her situation and joins up as the newest member of a local pack. The Way of Thorn and Thunder series by Daniel Heath Justice* This is the queer, feminist, Indigenous high fantasy you need. The whole narrative is an allegory to colonization in the Americas, but it’s also an action-packed story that totally works on its own. It features Tarsa, a bisexual former warrior whose destiny to be a Wielderâ€"a kind of healer/priestess/witchâ€"and Denarra, a feisty trans woman traveller full of hilarious tall tales, getting shit done “by any means necessary.” The Mirror Empire by Kameron Hurley # On the eve of a recurring catastrophic event known to extinguish nations and reshape continents, a troubled orphan evades death and slavery to uncover her own bloody past…while a world goes to war with itself. Most characters in this epic, unique fantasyâ€"men, women, and genderqueer peopleâ€"are bisexual. Kushiel’s Dart by Jacqueline Carey The first trilogy, of which Kushiel’s Dart is the first novel, centres on bisexual Phèdre, who is “trained equally in the courtly arts and the talents of the bedchamber,” a.k.a. a sex worker. This massive tale is set in a noble world of political intrigue, ripe with a scheming villainess, courtly poets, traitors, you name it. There’s also lots of sex, of the lesbian and kinky variety, in as much detail as the world-building. White is for Witching by Helen Oyeyemi* You also might call this creepy novel horror or gothic. In a vast, mysterious house on the cliffs near Dover, the Silver family is reeling from the hole punched into its heart. All is not well with the house, either, which creaks and grumbles and malignly confuses visitors. Generations of women inhabit its walls. And Miranda, with her new appetite for chalk and her keen sense for spirits, is more attuned to them than anyone living. Borderline by Mishell Baker A year ago, Millie lost her legs and her filmmaking career in a failed suicide attempt. Just when shes sure the credits have rolled on her life story, she gets a second chance with the Arcadia Project: a secret organization that polices the traffic to and from a parallel reality filled with creatures straight out of myth and fairy tales. Everfair by Nisi Shawl* Everfair is a wonderful Neo-Victorian alternate history/steampunk novel that explores the question of what might have come of Belgiums disastrous colonization of the Congo if the native populations had learned about steam technology a bit earlier… Graphic Novels / Memoirs Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo and Me by Ellen Forney A beautiful, vulnerable, and honest memoir about being an artist struggling with mental illness, Marbles is a moving and darkly funny read. It’s also forthcoming about Forney’s bisexuality, which she addresses explicitly throughout the book. Stumptown, Vol 1 by Greg Rucka Dex is the bisexual proprietor of Stumptown Investigations, and a talented P.I. Unfortunately, her recent gambling streak has left her beyond brokeâ€"shes into the Confederated Tribes of the Wind Coast Casino for 18 large. But maybe Dexs luck is about to change. Sue-Lynne, head of the Wind Coast, will clear Dexs debt if she can locate Sue-Lynnes missing granddaughter. But is this job Dexs way out of the hole or a shove down one much much deeper? Dar: A Super Girly Top Secret Diary Comic Diary, Vol 1 by Erika Moen DAR! chronicles Moen’s six year long autobiographical story from being a lost 20-year-old lesbian artist-wannabe in college who falls in love with a boy in England through the evolution that her sexual identity undergoes before winding up marrying him as a queer 26-year-old full-time cartoonist. Along the way there are many vignettes about sex, farts, the queer community, the Brits, and vibrators. Long Red Hair by Meags Fitzgerald Fitzgerald’s graphic memoir is very nostalgically 90s, full of cultural references like Buffy the Vampire Slayer and teen girl sleepover stuff like séances and Bloody Mary. It’s also very funny, thought-provoking, and a bisexual coming out story. Historical Fiction The Color Purple by Alice Walker* This queer Black classic is just a must-read, period, but it’s important to note that it features a bisexual main character, Celie, as she rises above her abusive childhood in rural Georgia in the 1930s and becomes her own person. Hild: A Novel by Nicola Griffith This epic historical novel set in seventh century Britain is a fictionalized account of St Hild of Whitby, a Catholic Saint and the king’s youngest nieceâ€"and in Griffith’s version, bisexual. It investigates all the political goings-on of the time, including the move from Paganism to Christianity and plenty of royal and court intrigue. Miss Timmins’ School for Girls by Nayana Currimbhoy* In 1974, Charulata Apte arrives at Miss Timmins Boarding School for Girls. Shy, sheltered, and running from a scandal that disgraced her Brahmin family, Charu is drawn to the charismatic teacher Moira Prince, who introduces her to pot-smoking hippies, rock ‘n roll, and freedoms she never knew existed. Then one monsoon night, a body is found at the bottom of a cliff. When Charu is implicated in the murder, her real education begins. The Salt Roads by Nalo Hopkinson* This genre-defying novel transports readers across centuries and civilizations as it fearlessly explores women’s relationships. Jeanne Duval, the ginger-colored entertainer, struggles with her lover poet Charles Baudelaire…Mer, plantation slave and doctor, both hungers for and dreads liberation…and Thais, a dark-skinned beauty from Alexandria, is impelled to seek a glorious revelationâ€"as Ezili, a being born of hope, unites them all. The Last Nude by Ellis Avery Paris, 1927. One day in July, a young American named Rafaela Fano gets into the car of a coolly dazzling stranger, the Art Deco painter Tamara de Lempicka. Struggling to halt a downward slide toward prostitution, Rafaela agrees to model for the artist, a dispossessed Saint Petersburg aristocrat with a murky past. The two become lovers, and Rafaela inspires Tamaras most iconic Jazz Age images. Coffee Will Make You Black by April Sinclair* Set on Chicagos Southside in the mid-to-late 60s, Coffee Will Make You Black is the moving and entertaining tale of Jean Stevie Stevenson, a young black woman growing up through the Civil Rights and Black Power movements. April Sinclair writes frankly about a young black womans sexuality, and about the confusion Stevie faces when she realizes shes more attracted to the school nurseâ€"who is whiteâ€"than her teenage boyfriend. The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi*# Karim Amir lives with his English mother and Indian father in the routine comfort of suburban London. Life gets more interesting, however, when his father becomes the Buddha of Suburbia, beguiling a circle of would-be mystics. And when the Buddha falls in love with one of his disciples, the beautiful and brazen Eva, Karim is also falls in love: with Eva’s son Charlie. Memoir / Biography / Personal Stories My Awesome Place: The Autobiography of Cheryl B by Cheryl Burke This Lambda Award winner is a rare authentic glimpse into the electrifying arts scene of New York City’s East Village during the vibrant 1990s. It’s also the chronicle of a movement through the eyes of one young bisexual woman working to cultivate her voice while making peace with her difficult, often abusive, family. Fire Shut Up In My Bones by Charles M Blow*# New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow mines the compelling poetry of his out-of-time African-American Louisiana hometownâ€"a place where slaverys legacy felt astonishingly close and his mother could not protect him from abuse. Finally, Blow escapes to university, where he joins a black fraternity, and then enters a world of privilege that feels like everything hes ever needed, until hes called upon, himself, to become the one perpetuating the shocking abuse. Bi Men: Coming Out Every Which Way edited by Ron Jackson Suresha and Pete Chvany # A rare collection of personal essays exclusively by bisexual men, this book explores what it means for the writers to be bisexual men in a monosexual world that assumes any man attracted to men must be strictly gay. Black Dove: Mama, Mi’jo, and Me by Ana Castillo* Black Dove looks at what it means to be a single, brown, feminist parent in a world of mass incarceration, racial profiling, and police brutality. Through startling humor and love, Castillo weaves intergenerational stories traveling from Mexico City to Chicago, focusing in on her bisexuality and polyamory in one chapter . Bad Dyke: Salacious Stories from a Queer Life by Allison Moon This collection of short memoirs is all about Moon’s life as a “queer woman with a bisexual boyfriend or a bad dykeâ€"an identity she’s settled on after stints as a greedy bisexual and a garden-variety lesbian.” A Cup of Water Under My Bed by Daisy Hernandez* In this lyrical, coming-of-age memoir, Daisy Hernández chronicles what the women in her Cuban-Colombian family taught her about love, money, and race. In turn, she explores her emerging and changing identities: familial, cultural, spiritual, class, (bi)sexual, linguistic, feminist, and more. Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaahumanu*# In this groundbreaking anthology first published in 1991, more than seventy women and men from all walks of life describe their lives as bisexuals in prose, poetry, art, and essays. Despite some dated content, it’s a seminal collection that still deserves to be read! I’m The One That I Want by Margaret Cho* Bisexual comedian Margaret Cho displays her numerous sides in this funny, fierce, and honest memoir. As one of the country’s most visible Asian Americans, she has a unique perspective on identity. As one of the country’s funniest and most quoted personalities, she takes no prisoners. And as a warm and wise woman who has seen the highs and lows of life, she has words of encouragement for anyone who has ever felt like an outsider. Not My Father’s Son by Alan Cumming # It’s a treat to read a memoir by a bisexual person that just casually integrates their sexuality into the story which focuses on another aspect of their life. In this case, Cumming concentrates on his relationship with his abusive father and his adult journey to investigate his heritage. (Amazing in audiobook, read by Cumming in his Scottish accent!) Irrepressible: The Jazz Age Life of Henrietta Bingham by Emily Bingham This Lambda Award winner is about a woman who was raised like a princess in one of the most powerful families in the American South, and was offered the helm of a publishing empire. Instead, she ripped through the Jazz Age like an F. Scott Fitzgerald character: intoxicating and intoxicated, selfish and shameless, seductive and brilliant, endearing and often terribly troubled. Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxanne Gay* A searingly honest memoir of food, weight, self-image, and learning how to feed your hunger while taking care of yourself, Hunger explores queer/bisexual writer Gay’s pastâ€"including the devastating act of violence that acted as a turning point in her young lifeâ€"and brings readers along on her journey to understand and ultimately save herself. Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World edited by Robyn Ochs and Sarah Rawley# This classic bisexual anthology co-edited by hugely important bisexual activist Robyn Ochs features personal stories from a variety of bisexual people of all genders, with attention to the intersectionality of race, class, ethnicity, gender identity, disability and national identity. Featuring writers from 42 different countries! Abandon Me by Melissa Febos* A beautifully written and brutally honest book about losing yourself in love, finding out where you came from (specifically, connecting with her Wampanoag birth father), addiction, and telling your own stories. Febos comes up with wonderful, provocative similes and images and insightful, hard-hitting truths time and again throughout the book. Chronology of Water by Lidia Yuknavitch An incredibly beautifully written memoir that jumps back and worth in time, deconstructing the very concepts of memoir, memory, and time, Chronology of Water features prominently Yuknavitch’s bisexuality. She writes about gender, sexuality, swimming, violence, addiction, grief, as well as the craft of writing itself. Red Azalea by Anchee Min* Red Azalea is Anchee Min’s celebrated beautifully written memoir of growing up in the last years of Mao’s China. As a child, she was asked to publicly humiliate a teacher; at seventeen, she was sent to work at a labor collective. Forbidden to live as she pleased, she found a lifeline in a secret love affair with another woman. Miraculously selected for the film version of one of Madame Mao’s political operas, Min’s life changed overnight. Dear John, I Love Jane: Women Write about Leaving Men for Women edited by Candace Walsh This powerful anthology offers a very wide variety of experiences of queer women, including many on the bisexual spectrum. It’s essentially a collection of personal stories about sexuality and coming out, but none of the narratives are of the “I’ve always known” variety. Rec*Og*Nize: The Voices of Bisexual Men edited by Robyn Ochs and H. Sharif Williams*# A very diverse collection of short fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, personal narratives, critical essays and visual art produced by 61 cisgender and transgender bisexual, pansexual, polysexual and fluid men from the United States, Canada, Chile, India, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Mystery / Thriller Pennance by Claire Ashton Lucy is haunted by the death of her partner, Jake, and lives in fear and reclusion. She lives in a small village in Cornwall, and is surrounded by memories of Jake. She feels intensely guilty about his death and thinks someone is out to get her in retribution. Relief appears to come when a new neighbour, Karen, enters her life, but is that when the real threat begins? My Name is N by Robert Karjel # Ernst Grip, a bisexual Swedish security officer, has no idea why hes been dispatched to New York City, and the FBI agent he meets on arrival seems to know a little too much about him. In the process of uncovering a supposed Swedish citizen prisoners true identity, Grip discovers the mans ties to a group of other suspects. The closer Grip gets to the truth, the more complicated the deception becomes. Rip-Off Red, Girl Detective, and the Burning Bombing of America by Kathy Acker You get three short novels in one edition by this bisexual/queer legendary author. Rip-off Red, whose woman detective main character is bisexual, “reads as a kind of Raymond Chandler for bad girls, as Ackers typical literary playfulness transforms the genre conventions of detective fiction into a book that is simultaneously a mystery and a personal, raunchy, and politically astute account of life in New York City.” Poetry The Horizontal Poet by Jan Steckel Bisexual Jewish poet Steckel writes gorgeous poetry in this Lambda Award-winning collection about ex-partners, her life as a pediatrician, disability activism, her Latvian heritage, and more. The title poem refers to someone’s shocked reaction when Steckle requested to be able to lie down for a poetry reading, as if it were the strangest thing ever. The Golden Gate by Vikram Seth*# You might not believe this description, but The Golden Gate is a twentieth century novel written in verse set in 1980s San Francisco. Focused on a group of friends and their various relationship dramas, it features a bisexual man and is just an all-out delight, imbued with Seth’s sheer talent and old-fashioned joyful approach to poetry. Mouth to Mouth by Abigail Child A Lambda Award winner, Mouth to Mouth spans the past two decades, focusing on a series of romantic and sexual relationships with women and men. From inside the sexual whirlwind of these relations and after, Childs attention to language as embodied material highlights how mediated and multiple layers of desire can be just as thrilling and physical on the page. Romance Call Me By Your Name by André Aciman # Calle Me By Your Name is “the story of a sudden and powerful romance that blossoms between an adolescent boy and a summer guest at his parents cliff-side mansion on the Italian Riviera.” Both bisexual men characters are also Jewish! Out on Good Behavior by Dahlia Adler In this new adult romance, pansexual Frankie Bellisario knows she can get anyone she sets her sights on. But that doesnt mean she shouldâ€"not when the person shes eyeing is Samara Kazarian, the daughter of a Republican mayor. But when Frankie learns shes been on Samaras mind too, the idea of hooking up with her grows too strong to resist. Only Sams not looking for a hookup; she wantsâ€"needsâ€"the real thing. Best Bi Short Stories edited by Sheela Lambert # This diverse anthology also contains fantasy, erotica, contemporary fiction, and science fiction as well as romance stories, and it also features authors of diverse ethnicities and genders. The authors include Jane Rule, Deborah Miranda, Katherine Forrest, Rob Barton, Jan Steckel, and more! Science Fiction Marrow Island by Alexis M. Smith Twenty years ago Lucie Bowen left Marrow Island; along with her mother, she fled the aftermath of an earthquake. Now, Lucie’s childhood friend Kate is living within a mysterious group called Marrow Colony. There have been remarkable changes to the land at the colony’s homestead. But Lucie’s experience as a journalist tells her there’s more to the Colonyâ€"and their charismatic leaderâ€"than they want her to know… The Fifth Sacred Thing by Starhawk # In this pagan ecofeminist science fiction series, bisexuality and polyamory are the norm; thus it stars several bisexual main characters, men and women. I’ve Got a Time Bomb by Sybil Lamb # I’m calling this science fiction, but what it really is a genre-defying book of honest-to-god genius. The novel chronicles the futuristic, surreal adventures of Sybil, a bisexual trans woman as she travels the US “living among the loners, losers, and leave-behinds in the dark corners of Amerika.” Theory Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive by Julia Serano # A trans feminist activist who’s also bisexual, Julia Serano addresses the exclusion of femmes, bisexual people, and trans people in queer and feminist movements in this accessible, readable non-fiction book. Some of Us Did Not Die by June Jordan* This collection of essays is a rich sampling of the late Black bisexual poet June Jordans prose writings. They reveal Jordan as an incisive analyst of the personal and public costs of remaining committed to the ideal and practice of democracy. Willing to venture into the most painful contradictions of American culture and politics, Jordan comes back with lyrical honesty, wit, and wide-ranging intelligence in these accounts of her reckoning with life as a teacher, poet, activist, and citizen. Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire by Lisa Diamond This original book offers a radical new understanding of the context-dependent nature of female sexuality. Lisa Diamond argues that for some women, love and desire are not rigidly heterosexual or homosexual but fluid, changing as women move through the stages of life, various social groups, and, most important, different love relationships. Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution by Shiri Eisner* Bi takes a comprehensive look at bisexual politicsâ€"from the issues surrounding biphobia/monosexism, feminism, and transgenderism to the practice of labeling those who identify as bi as either too bisexual” (promiscuous and incapable of fidelity) or not bisexual enough” (ie, not having enough gender variety in who they date). Eisner highlights how bisexuality can open up new and exciting ways of challenging social convention. YA Science Fiction and Fantasy Coda by Emma Trevayne # Coda is a fast-paced science fiction dystopia is about an 18-year-old bisexual guy named Anthem. This is a well-written story is about a corporate technologically driven society where music is used to control the population and Anthem has music flowing in his veins. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Córdova* This detailed Latinx fantasy is the first book in a series is about Alex, a bisexual bruja who doesn’t actually want to be a witch. When her spell to rid herself of her powers backfires, she has to travel to Los Lagos, a strange, dangerous limbo land. Not Your Sidekick by C.B. Lee* This superhero story set in the future features bisexual Chinese-Vietnamese heroine Jessica who doesn’t actually have any superpowers despite her heroic lineage. When she gets an internship with a local villain, she gets to work with her secret crush, with whom she discovers a plot bigger than the heroes and villains put together. Hold by Rachel Davidson Leigh # Luke Aday knew that his sister’s death was imminent but that didn’t make her death any easier. He returns to school a different person. But when a charismatic new student, Eddie Sankawulo, tries to welcome Luke to his own school, something life-changing happens: Luke Aday discovers that he can stop time. This novel gets bonus points for actually using the word bisexual on the page! The Scorpion Rules by Erin Bow 17-year-old Greta is a duchess and crown princessâ€"and a hostage to peace. This is how the game is played: if you want to rule, you must give one of your children as a hostage. Go to war and your hostage dies. Otherbound by Corinne Duyvis Otherbound is a fantasy page-turner starring bisexual character Amara, who is never alone. Not when shes protecting the cursed princess she unwillingly serves. She cant be alone, because a boy Nolan from another world experiences all that alongside her, looking through her eyes. Adaptation by Malinda Lo* Adaptation is a fast-paced sci fi thriller that is also about a bisexual love triangle! Reese is the bi main character she’s dealing with an X-Files-esque alien conspiracy situation with a new mysterious girl and her debate team partner. More Happy Than Not by Adam Silvera*# A science fiction book that speaks directly to gay conversion camps, More Happy Than Not is about 16-year-old Aaron, who is recovering from his father’s suicide with the help of his mom and girlfriend who he loves. When he meets Thomas and starts to have feelings for him, he considers having a procedure to get rid of the desire. The Summer Prince by Alaya Dawn Johnson*# In the midst of the lush city in futuristic Brazil, shimmering with tech and tradition, June Costa creates art. But her dreams of fame become something more when she meets Enki, who the whole city falls in love with. Together, with a cast of all POC and multiple bisexual characters, June and Enki will make art and rebel. Mooncakes Issue One by Suzanne Walker and Wendy Xu*# Long-lost childhood crushes Nova Huang and Tam Lang have reunited for the first time in ten years. They have a lot more to deal with this time than just being the only two Asian kids in school (who also happen to both have magical abilities). They also struggle through bills, family, and weird horse demons in ways that only a witch and a werewolf can. Also a webcomic! Pantomime by Laura Lam # The first in a trilogy, Pantomime is a lovely magical historical novel set in a circus in the 19th century. The main character is intersex, bisexual, and genderqueer! Wild Beauty by Anna-Marie McLemore* This magical realist story centers on the Nomeolvides women. When a strange boy appears in their garden La Pradera, he is a mystery to Estrella, the Nomeolvides girl who finds him, but he’s even more a mystery to himself. As Estrella tries to help Fel piece together his unknown past, La Pradera leads them to secrets as dangerous as they are magical in this stunning exploration of love, loss, and family. In Other Lands by Sarah Rees Brennan # Sometimes it’s not the kid you expect who falls through to magicland, sometimes it’s…Elliot. He’s grumpy, nerdy, and appalled by both the dearth of technology and the levels of fitness involved in swinging swords around. He’s a little enchanted by the elves and mermaids. Despite his aversion to war, work, and most people (human or otherwise) he finds that two unlikely ideas, friendship and world peace, may actually be possible. YA Contemporary and Historical Ramona Blue by Julie Murphy Ramona is sure of three things: she likes girls, she’s fiercely devoted to her family, and she knows she’s destined for something bigger than the trailer she calls home in Eulogy, Mississippi. As Ramona falls back in love with swimming, her feelings for returned childhood friend Freddie begin to shift, too, which is the last thing she expected. A + E 4ever by Iike Merey # This comic about two queer youth who bond over their shared outsiderness, A + E 4ever features a cisgender and genderqueer character who are both bisexual. Asher Machnik is a teenage boy cursed with a beautiful androgynous face. Art remains his only escape from an otherwise emotionally empty life. Eulalie Mason is the lonely, tough-talking dyke from school who befriends Ash. The Gentleman’s Guide to Vice and Virtue by Mackenzi Lee # Who’s not interested in a fun 18th century romp featuring a young bisexual British Lord? Monty has gotten to the age where he’s supposed to settle down and be a gentleman, but not before he goes on one last adventures with his BFF Percy. Boyfriends with Girlfriends by Alex Sanchez*# This novel is about a group of teens all exploring their sexual identities. Sergio is bi, but is dating his first boyfriend Lance who’s gay and feeling insecure about Sergio’s identity. Allie has always thought she was straight but when she meets lesbian Kimiko she starts to question her identity. Not Otherwise Specified by Hannah Moskowitz Etta is tired of dealing with the labels: not gay enough for the Dykes, her ex-clique, thanks to being bi; not tiny and white enough for ballet; and not sick enough to look anorexic (partially thanks to recovery). Etta doesn’t fit anywhereâ€"until she meets Bianca, the straight, white, Christian, and seriously sick girl in her therapy group. Little and Lion by Brandy Colbert* When Suzette comes home to LA from boarding school on the east coast and tries to settle into her old life, she ends up supporting her stepbrother Lionel who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder and falling in love…with the same girl Lionel loves. Yay for a Black, bisexual, Jewish main character! Noteworthy by Riley Redgate* Who wouldn’t want to read about a bisexual Asian-American girl who goes undercover to infiltrate an all-male, historically elite a cappella group called the Sharps? It turns out that Jordan Sun, Tenor 1, is exactly what the Sharps are looking for. Like Water by Rebecca Podos* In this literary YA novel of identity, millennial anxiety, and first love, Savannah Espinoza lives in a small New Mexico town, where she’s stuck caring for her dad who has Huntington’s disease. That changes the day she meets Leigh. Pink by Lili Wilkinson A smart novel about internalized biphobia, Pink is about Ava Simpson, who is trying on a whole new image. Stripping the black dye from her hair, she heads off to a new school, leaves her girlfriend behind, and tries to fit in with the preppy kids. Eventually Ava starts to notice that her shiny reinvented life is far more fragile than she imagined. Grasshopper Jungle by Andrew Smith # 16-year-old bisexual teen Austin Szerba interweaves the story of his Polish legacy with the story of how he and his best friend, Robby, brought about the end of humanity and the rise of an army of unstoppable, six-foot tall praying mantises in small-town Iowa. How to Make a Wish by Ashley Herring Blake All 17-year-old Grace Glasser wants is her own life, but her attempts to lay low until she graduates are disrupted when she meets Eva, a girl with her own share of ghosts she’s trying to outrun. Far From You by Tess Sharpe Nine months. Two weeks. Six days. Thats how long recovering addict Sophies been drug-free. Four months ago her best friend, Mina, died in what everyone believes was a drug deal gone wrongâ€"a deal they think Sophie set up. Only Sophie knows the truth. Autoboyography by Christina Lauren # Two boys fall in love in a writing classâ€"one from a progressive family and who is openly bisexual and the other from a conservative religious community. Three years ago, Tanner Scott’s family relocated from California to Utah; he wasn’t expecting to fall in love with Sebastian Brother, a Mormon writing prodigy. Empress of the World by Sara Ryan A classic bisexual YA book originally published in 2001, Empress of the World is about falling in love with a girl for the first time and making awesome new friends at summer camp. About a Girl by Sarah McCarry Eighteen-year-old Tally is one of those people who’s really sure about everything in her life, so she’s totally blindsided when a sudden discovery leads her on a journey where she meets Maddy, an enigmatic and beautiful girl who will unlock the door to her future. Queens of Geek by Jen Wilde If you love bisexual characters who actually use the word bisexual, queer characters of color dating each other, geekiness, fan conventions, and realistic but cute love stories, this book is for you. Our Own Private Universe by Robin Talley 15-year-old Aki Simon knows she’s bisexual, even if so far it’s been hypothetical. Along with her queer BFF Lori, Aki sets off on a summer trip where she meets the slightly older, more experienced Christa… Save

The Fraternity Lambda Chi Alpha - 1514 Words

â€Å"Additionally, issues of identity and values are important factors in neophytes abilities and willingness to learn to write in and for new workplaces, as they must choose between ways of thinking and writing with which they are comfortable and new ways that seem foreign or at odds with their identities and values† (Wardle 285) When I was ï ¬ rst accepted into The University of Arkansas, the ï ¬ rst thing that came to my mind was to put effort into my grades and into building my resume. Those would be my top priories. Before I knew it I had been accepted into a discourse community of members that were striving for the same ideals that I was-The Greek fraternity Lambda Chi Alpha. Through the proses of being an initiate, I learned life long core values of community between other members. Interviewing the president of Lambda Chi Alpha, Luke Crenshaw, I uncovered the rigorous involvement of academic writing skills and how that plays a giant roll in this discourse communit y. These benefits are included in the values and beliefs of a discourse community. According to James Paul Gee, in his essay â€Å"Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction and What Is Literacy?† He defines the word â€Å"discourse† in two ways. He separates the two definitions by using a lowercase â€Å"d† and an uppercase â€Å"D.† Even though technically they are the same word he defines them differently. â€Å"Discourses are ways of being in the world; they are forms of life which integrate words, acts, values, beliefs,Show MoreRelatedArgumentive Essay: Fraternities and Sorrorities1735 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst Fraternities/Sororities   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As portrayed in the 1978 hit movie Animal House, college fraternities/sororities are a hotbed of excessive drinking, casual sex, vandalism, and generally licentious behavior. But, in real life, unlike the movie, the results of such conduct are hardly laughable. Even though the nationwide membership in both fraternities and sororities are at an all time high of 350,000 members, fraternities and sororities are still receiving harsh criticism from universityRead MoreA Study On Southern Illinois University2136 Words   |  9 Pagesmore expensive than other colleges, and one might think it is too costly for a university. There are many clubs at Southern Illinois University that a student in college will benefit from, like the baseball club, Quidditch, and fraternities such as Lambda Chi Alpha. These clubs will help a new student make friends faster, and feel right at home. The university has students from all over the globe attending this school. Southern Illinois University is one of the best four year universities toRead MoreInitiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities1351 Words   |  6 PagesInitiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities Frat boys and sorority girls, what do they do for society? They party all weekend, every weekend. None of them care about academics. They are elitist and snobby. They violate noise ordinances. They do not serve the community. They couldn’t possibly hold any value as individuals in our society, right? Wrong. Many people think of those who belong to the Greek system as the rich, preppy Caucasian students who get drunk and party

Gender Inequality The Invisible Barrier That Is Holding...

The average American female only makes â…” of what the average male does. Whether it is in school, or the workforce, gender inequality still exists and is a major problem. There is still a huge difference in the way women get treated compared to the way men get treated. Due to the invisible barrier that is holding back the success of women, social realities need to be redefined in order for gender inequality to no longer exist. Gender inequality refers to the unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. There are three main ideas that contribute to it. Sexism refers to the range of attitudes, beliefs, policies, laws, and behaviors that discriminate on the basis of gender. Street calling is an example of sexism. How many times have you been walking along and had men stare at you or look you up and down? This happens to me on the daily. I had just finished my last game of the day during a tournament and my team and I went to the mall for some food and to see a movie. I had stood up and began to walk to the trashcan, still in my uniform, when a guy looked me up and down and multiple times and whistled. I felt disgusting and vulnerable because a grown man found me appealing. A second idea that also contributes is gender roles. Gender roles are rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of men and women in a society. Men traditionally are thought to be the sole provider of the family and not have any role in housework orShow MoreRelatedGender Bias And Gender Inequality1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes. Whether it is in school, or the workforce, gender inequality still exists and is a major problem. There is still a huge difference in the way women get treated compared to the way men get treated. Due to the invisible barrier that is holding back the success of women, social realities need to be redefined in order for gender inequality to longer exist. Gender inequality refers to the unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. There are three mainRead MoreThe Gender Differences Of The United States Work Force1721 Words   |  7 PagesMitoyan Professor Darin English 101 November 30, 2014 Sex Segregation in the U.S. Work Force This research paper focuses on the gender differences that take part in the U.S. workforce. It discusses the manner in which men and women are subtly segregated. We refuse to believe that discrimination as such continues to exist in the 21st century, yet it’s the ugly truth. A gender gap is created due to differences in authority, pay, and promotion. Research shows us that economic variations exist and, throughRead More Gender Inequality Still Exists Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pages Gender Inequality still exists quot;Is there any difference between the education acquired by men and women in college?quot; My answer to that question would be that although the quot;brick wallquot; ( Forum 1) in education has been broken, we still have another, invisible barrier called the quot;glass ceiling.quot; ( Forum 1) Most people would say that education has changed a great deal since women began to attend institutions of higher learning. Is this completely true? Women have undoubtedlyRead More The Glass Ceiling Essay3205 Words   |  13 Pagesworkplace. That was strictly for men. It wasn’t until World War I where women started to enter the workforce in larger numbers and this was primarily because all the men were being sent over to fight in the war and their wives took their spots on the factory floors so that corporations could still function. 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SomeRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling Effect: Women’s Career Advancement in Puerto Rico4525 Words   |  19 Pages..................................................................................................................8 Career Advancement .............................................................................................................12 Gender Based Gap .................................................................................................................14 Chapter Three ..........................................................................................................Read MoreAustralian Films - Screening Responces3687 Words   |  15 PagesAustralian television. It notions the changing times; the context before the television was a household object. The movie marks the beginning of mass social and political change that was intensified by World War II. With countless men at war, Australian women were able to enter and overtake male roles in the workforce. 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Atakilte Beyene 5 8 Property rights formalisation in Africa Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad the relationship between inequality and climate change Kjell Havnevik commentAries intervieW 11 14 decoding theRead MoreIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 PagesI. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. FRAMEWORK ...the single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture. Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall Why study Intercultural Communication? Cultural diversity and multiculturalism are the realities of everyday life for almost everyone. The growth of interdependence of people and cultures in the global society of the twenty-first century has forced us to pay more attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and function

Al Ain Municipality as a Case Study of HR Function Free Essays

The aim of this research paper is to discuss five human resource functions of Al Ain Municipality that is one of the most significant and prominent organization of United Arab Emirates. The basic theme of this paper is the fact that the human resource functions of any organization relates to every department of that particular organization and this is the main reason that without the comprehensive understanding of organization and its functioning, the human resource functions can’t be completely understood. In order to remove the ambiguities in understanding of the basic aim of paper, it is mandatory to completely analyze the basic vision and theme of organization, its organizational strategies and the structure of Al Ain Municipality. We will write a custom essay sample on Al Ain Municipality as a Case Study of HR Function or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the detailed discussion, the paper accentuates on five of the most significant functions and operation of Al Ain Municipality. The paper follows a procedural methodology; the first step in this regard is the introduction to organization. The introduction accentuates on different facts related to the municipal organization. It also sheds light on the point that Al Ain Municipality is the government body that is established in order to render effective services and extend strong support to the residents and citizens of Al Ain City and the areas adjacent to it. It also discusses the brief history as to when the municipal organization was developed and what the basic need was of forming and establishing this organization of Al Ain Municipality. Then the paper performs the critical analysis of the position of this organization and comparison of its status with other municipal organizations of the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, it also discusses the outstanding characteristics and distinguishing features of this municipal organization that makes Al Ain Municipality stand apart among the other municipal organization of the world. In addition to that it also shed light about the fact that how the organization has perfectly blended its traditional heritage, culture, history, ethics and values in the aims and objectives of the organization. Moreover, it also describes the results of effects of not forgetting the cultural and ethical identity of the place and making it one of the basic themes of Al Ain Municipality. These practices sure have bore fruits and the paper discusses the evident results of these exercises as well. A brief history of Al Ain Municipality follows the discussion of organization. It sheds light on the establishment of this municipal organization and the development and progress phases to which the organization have undergone at different times in order to enjoy its current position. The history also enlightens about the fact that the organization was not a governmental body until some point of time, and then it emerged as one of the most significant municipal organizations of the world being a governmental body and it still enjoys the position with the same status. The paper then proceeds towards the organizational structure. One major point in this regard that Al Ain Municipality has the organizational structure that follows the lead of a general manager; this setup is different from those of organizational structures of municipalities where the leadership is in the hands of different councils or committees. The paper accentuates on the advantages and benefits of having a general manager as the top level of organizational hierarchy over the conventional modes of organizational structure in municipal organizations as that of councils and committees. Then there exists different independent bodies that performs their respective jobs and operations and then directly report to the general manager. The paper does quick review about these bodies and then comes to most significant sectors or areas of Al Ain Municipality. These six departments are the building blocks or backbone of this municipal organization and in order to completely understand the nature of organization and comprehend its organization structure, the detailed discussion of these six areas is very crucial. The paper develops a procedural method in discussing these departments and also includes the flow chart of flow of control within the organizational structure. The departments, sectors or areas are have different sub-sectors and each of these subsectors is unique with respect to the services it render or support it provides to the clients and customer, which are the citizens or residents of Al Ain City and the areas adjacent to Al Ain City. The paper then move forwards towards the strategic objectives of the organization. This study is very necessary as the functions of human resource shares connection with the strategic objectives of any municipal organization. The paper depicts that the first and foremost objective of Al Ain Municipality is the development, maintenance and sustaining of town or urban planning as the urban areas are more prone to deliver the greater economical advantages as compared to rural areas. The second strategic objective of this municipal organization is the fact that there is no success possible without delivering excellent and highly efficient services to the customers therefore, the second strategic objective is to provide improved services to the clients every time as to maintain and enhance the quality of living standards in Al Ain City and its outskirts. The paper points out that the third strategic objective is to improve the overall performance, efficiency and effectiveness of the system as when the system is highly efficient it would create more opportunities for the employees to give better output to their customers or clients. It also highlights the virtues of sense of responsibility, transparency, and accountability that are the significant part of strategic objectives of the Al Ain Municipality. These virtues roots back to the ethical and cultural heritage of the region and the fact that these virtues when applied on the overall organizational system yield remarkable results make it even more significant for Al Ain Municipality. The paper also reflect that it one of the strategic objectives of Al Ain Municipality to promote partnerships, encourage both foreign and local investments   and alleviate other business opportunities as to emerge on the global level as one of the most substantial municipal organization. The paper also describes that another important strategic objective of the case under study is the fact that Al Ain Municipality regards the leadership and abide by its decision as the organization feels proud of the manner it is led. Moreover, it also accentuates on having effective and efficient human resource department as the organization with industrious and effective human resource sector is most likely to succeed even in the worst of situations and scenarios. The paper then discusses and analyzes the major HR Functions in Al Ain Municipality. The basic theme of these human resource functions stems to the discussion of strategic objectives, values of organization, its structure and mission statement of Al Ain Municipality. This is the reason that the paper has discussed these points in such enormous detail. The Human resource functions discussed are recruitment and selection, employee training and development†¦. The paper closes the discussion with conclusion and presents some recommendations for the with respect to what has already been discussed in this paper. How to cite Al Ain Municipality as a Case Study of HR Function, Free Case study samples

The Influence of Literature on the Monster Essay Example

The Influence of Literature on the Monster Paper I would also switch Plutarch Lives for A Separate Peace and Ruins of Empires for the Bible. Changing the reading material of the monster would greatly impact how he acts and thus, changing the outcome of the story. Paradise Lost Is a solid read, but If the monster really wants to learn and understand nature and English, he needs a dictionary. The possibilities of a dictionary the most useful of nearly all books. If the monster had a dictionary, he loud not have to worry about eavesdropping on peoples conversations in order to learn. Paradise Lost is good literature, but will not help him like a dictionary would. With the monsters minor intelligence, a book such as this would be of great use to him. The second change in books I chose was Where the Red Fern Grows. I think the most important value in this book that may help the creature is compassion. Where the Red Fern Grows illustrates compassion in many parts of the book, as it regards a boy and his love for his dogs. The creature can learn a lot from this reading because it can open his heart more. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Literature on the Monster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Literature on the Monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Literature on the Monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If he does this than he can prevent himself from harming anybody, now that he has the concept of compassion. If he had learned about these good concepts from Where the Red Fern Grows, then It may have stopped him from compassion would help him to not to commit murder. Also, this skill would have helped him forgive Victor for not carrying out his plan of getting a female monster. All in all, a better choice of reading for the creature than Sorrows of a Young Writhe loud have been Where the Red Fern Grows, to better control himself and act more civil. The third book that the monster originally read was Plutarch Lives. I swapped it for A Separate Peace by John Knowles. I did this so that the monster could get a better grasp on the theme that revenge is not the answer. He needed to have a better concept of this moral because It would allow him to forgive Dry. Frankincense, and not kill his wife. The novels mall pipeline Is concerning whether one boy should get revenge or not. The creature needs to fill his mind with literature that will soften is heart, and not only give him knowledge, but teach him not to seek revenge, for it Is Tilted, not sweet. Finally, the last book swap I would make is Volleys Ruins of Empires for The Bible. The bible is the most essential book ever written. It teaches you how to live with God, many words of the English language, and it teaches a ton of history. The creature would honestly be getting the whole package if he had the Bible. If he follows the 10 Commandments in the Bible, he will not hurt anybody else. Exodus 20:13 says You shall not murder. If he follows this, like his theoretically will, then it will prevent him from killing multiple people! Also, Psalm 34 :14 says Turn from evil and do good; seek peace and pursue it. This Bible verse should lead him to make good choices and not harm anyone anymore. My last Bible verse is John 3:16, For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. This verse would really be a revelation to the monster because it would give him someone to talk to. I think if the monster had a real legislation with the Lord, no problems would have occurred. All in all, changing the reading material of the creature could have really prevented some conflict in the story. All four changed books should have helped the creature gain a better understanding of the moral concepts of compassion, and that revenge does not pay, and not kill anybody. The Bible should get him in a relationship with God, impacting his decision making in a positive manner. If the reading material for the creature was altered then maybe the outcome of the book would have been different.

Step to Writting a Good Essay Essays

Step to Writting a Good Essay Essays Step to Writting a Good Essay Essay Step to Writting a Good Essay Essay Upon deciding the topic for my final paper I decided on , Credit scores are a fair measure to help lenders to estimate potential risk. My point of view considering this topic is that I will explain why I agree with the issue then follow with supporting facts and details. I will proceed to explain the reasons why lenders and banks use scores t evaluate the risk. I will show that most people which have a repeated and unsatisfactory credit history usually, don’t change. I will share information on those with good credit established and how to maintain it. I will show how having good or bad credit affects your daily living. I will discuss how credit bureaus come up with credit scores, where their information comes from, and what to do if it is not correct. I will present factual evidence to support my views and opinions. I will begin my paper with enthusiasm, and confidence to keep my audience focused and interested. In my essay, I will disclose a number of issues that can destroy your credit. I will provide some ways to go about correcting your credit. I would like my audience to understand that your credit has a huge impact on not only your lifestyle but the economy as well. I want the audience to know that credit is something that you can without a doubt destroy within a matter of weeks or in as little as a month. I would like my audience to also be informed that it can be corrected as well, but it is a long and tedious process. I will facilitate my audience to understanding the pros and cons of both sides of credit scores. Having good or fair credit is always a must or a must try to have in this day in life. Once I finalize my persuasive essay, I hope to have my audience in my court, and understanding why it is so critical to have credit scores to measure risk up front for lenders and bankers. Unless you resolve your old credit tribulations, it is almost impossible to obtain a new line of credit at a reasonable interest rate. People need to become conscious and aware that having good credit is critical and positive aspect in life. Potential employers can even check your credit and credit scores. If your credit or credit score is substandard then it is doubtful you will get the job, even if you are the best person for the job or highly qualified due to your credit or credit scoring. Furthermore, most people do not realize how their credit can affect their lifestyle, future wealth and wellbeing. We as consumers should become more aware that it is our behavior and decisions that we make used to determine our credit worthiness. The fact of the matter is that lenders have used this technique for years, and I doubt it will ever change in the near future.

7 Types of Misspellings

7 Types of Misspellings 7 Types of Misspellings 7 Types of Misspellings By Mark Nichol Most misspellings can be categorized in one of seven groups. Here are some examples for each of those types. 1. Incorrectly Repeated Consonants In some words, consonants are awarded extraneous twins, such as a doubling of the first t in commitment or of the r in harass (the latter perhaps from confusion with embarrass, in which r is doubled. Other common erroneous doublings including the n in inoculate (perhaps because of innovation and other words in which n is doubled), the s in occasion (many words, like expression, do have a double s), and the c in recommend. Note that in many of these words, there’s already a twin double consonant, which may also confuse writers. (One word that does have two twin consonant pairs, accommodate, is often misspelled with only one m.) 2. Wrong Vowel Using an incorrect vowel is a common problem, leading to such misspellings as definately (or the bizarre variant definatly), dependant, privelege, rediculous (a heretofore virtually unknown mistake, prompted by emphatic pronunciation of the first syllable, that has gone viral as more people are exposed to it online), and seperate. The correct spellings are definitely, dependent, privilege, ridiculous, and separate. 3. Wrong Consonant This type of error is less common than those of the vowel variety, but two of the most commonly misspelled words in this category are consensus (in which the first s is replaced with a c) and supersede (in which the second s is replaced with a c). 4. Reversed Order of Double Vowels Many words with two consecutive vowels, especially those with a pairing of e and i, look odd no matter which order the vowels appear in, so for many writers, it’s a toss-up as to which is correct. These words are all spelled correctly: gauge, niece, pharaoh, receive, weird. 5. Extra Letters One word that is often given an extra vowel is mischievous, perhaps because it is often mispronounced as if it were spelled mischievious. Some words ending in -ly, such as publicly, are often erroneously given an -ally ending. Judgment and acknowledgment, spelled in British English (and, well into the twentieth century in the United States) with an e after the g, omit the e in American English. 6. Missing Letters Coolly and woolly are often misspelled with only one l. Incidentally and other words with the -ally ending, in a reversal of the problem commonly seen with misspelling of publicly and the like, are frequently mistakenly spelled with -ly endings. Liaison often lacks its second i, prerogative is sometimes seen without the first r, and rhythm may lack the first h. 7. Confusion with a Similar Word The most common type of misspelling, perhaps, is that in which the wrong word in a homophonic duo or trio is employed, such as forward in place of foreword or site (or, rarely, sight) instead of cite. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1One Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Honorary vs. Honourary

ADD and ADHD Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ADD and ADHD Behavior - Research Paper Example (Hermann et al, 2007).The completely unproven and highly questionable diagnosis known as Attention Deficit Disorder forms the basis of administering dangerous stimulant drugs to millions of children around the world each year. The stimulant drugs are known to modify behavior by compromising human health.Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a popular sub type of Attention Deficit Disorder and they are nothing more than inventions which are a result of politics and conflicting world economics.The absurdity of the invented disease is reflected by its absurdity of the diagnostic criteria listed in DSM-IV. Moreover, the proof of the nonexistence of ADD and ADHD is provided by the fact that there are absolutely no physiological or organic findings to substantiate the existence of this invented disease.The symptoms of ADD and ADHD are childhood behaviors, ranging from normal to non-complaint, and these symptoms themselves reflect the non existence of the disease.Despite the fact that the validity of ADD and ADHD is spurious, the number of children and young adults being diagnosed with the invented diseases are skyrocketing.Unfortunately, the number of diseased individuals is rising with the passage of each year.Apart from the rising number cases, another depressing aspect of the disease is that a considerably large number of diagnosed children and young adults are treated by administering dangerous stimulant drugs.... Unfortunately, the absence of intervention in the use of diagnosis and stimulant drugs, the popular and seductive concept of ADD will continue to flourish which will inevitably continue to throw innocent children and young adults into a deep floundering sea of fear and isolation. (Jacobs, 2004). Popularity of ADD & ADHD A staggering number of children and young adults are diagnosed with ADD or ADHD each year. The increased popularity of the invented disease amongst health professionals has resulted in more and more children receiving dangerous stimulant drugs. The paradoxical effect of stimulants on children has been revealed by strenuous clinical studies conducted by clinicians around the world. Unfortunately, the commencement of treatment strategies involving stimulant drugs has not been wavered by the surfacing of paradoxical effect of these drugs on children and young adults. According to health professionals, ADD and ADHD continues into adulthood and is responsible for criminal behaviors. However, such claims have no reality in my opinion because the disease simply has no organic or physiological findings. There is no proof of the existence of the disease therefore; health personnel are unable to justify their claims that adulthood criminal behavior is a consequence of ADD and ADHD in childhood. (Jacobs, 2004). Dangers of Stimulant Drugs Ritalin (methylphenidate) and dexamphetamine are pharmacologically similar to cocaine and are two of the most popular drugs for administration in ADHD. The drugs have significant effects which are similar to the ones mediated by cocaine. The chief effects of stimulant drugs used in the treatment of ADHD and ADD are that they cause the patients undergoing therapy to

Efficacy of Pyridoxine(vitamin B-6)in the treatment of premenstrual Article

Efficacy of Pyridoxine(vitamin B-6)in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome - Article Example Premenstrual symptoms are those symptoms that a woman experiences before her menses. This syndrome occurs in the days leading to the woman’s period. The symptoms include nausea, headache, pain in the lower abdomen and a feeling of being weak among others. There has been a recent study on these effects and vitamin B-6. It need to be proven that this vitamin has an impact to the premenstrual syndrome though it is believed it affects as will be seen in the essay. (Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya, May 2011). The subject is a current research that has been carried out by the department of health in the United Kingdom. This study involved a group of nine women out of nine hundred and forty women patients who had premenstrual syndrome. This study was important to compare the effects of vitamin B-6 to other methods and vitamins of reducing premenstrual syndrome. The study was important as it was aimed at bringing out the real picture of the effectiveness of vitamin B-6. It brought out the negative impacts of vitamin B-6 in the body of women. It shows that high levels of vitamin B-6 in the body are dangerous and can lead to serious health problems. The message of the study was to avoid the usage of the vitamin in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. (Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya, May 2011). The subjects to this study were the women in United Kingdom who used vitamin B-6 in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. There were several results to this research. The results are an outcome of the many trials conducted. Through trials the reports of unpublished and published reports were searched through the use of medical databases to try B-6 in controlling premenstrual syndrome. The data extracted from each trial was made sure that it met the criteria of inclusion whenever discrepancies through insufficient data for inclusion a was noted the authors were contacted to Shed more light with regard to the data In question. Dosage data

Relationships In The Novel The Road

Relationships In The Novel The Road The Road by Cormac McCarthy is a fantasy which revolves around two characters, a father and a son. I am doing a character sketch on the man and the boy because I find them to have the most fascinating personalities. The book narrates a father and son journeying through what happens to be North America, to the warmer South America. They have no money, few clothes, and barely any food. They stop at every village and town too scavenge and search for food. This is represented when the man and the boy find an underground bunker in a village full of useful essentials. The author lays emphasis on the theme of survival, and the significance it has on the man and the boy. The father appears to be very smart with a good eye for danger. He is quite skillful with weapons this is portrayed when he fond an underground bunker, he had found bullets but for the wrong gun so he whittled fake bullets from a treebranch with his knife. He also understands how to use his surrounding accurately, this is shown when in the end of the novel the man has an encounter with some villagers and has to think fast. On the other hand, the boy seems somewhat illiterate about the outside world, he knows nothing about firearms and all he knows is what his father has taught him during the years. The boy is also very scared in the novel, when it comes to looking in the towns or cities for food. The novel shows the progression of father and sons relationship, you see it growing bigger and stronger. Knowing that the boy does not have a mother anymore the father tries as much as he can to compensate for that. For example the boy and the man find a locked door in the ground while out s earching in a village. The man is tired and was resting between each shovelful while trying to uncover the bunker. However a few weeks before they had found a door and inside were they found other people whose limbs worn torn off and a boy on a splint on top of a fire being roasted for food. The man, no matter how scared the boy was, opens the door and finds a safe house full of food, water, gasoline, and other useful things. This tells that whatever the boy says to his father he will not listen however important it is, but only to save their lives. Therefore we learn that he is a father who would do anything for their son, and that he is the stereotypical Dad. He is the protector, provider and preserver for his son. This is shown in many instances as the father put the boy in the bunk and smoothed his filthy hair on the pillow and covered him with blankets. During the course of the novel, you see the boy become an independent man. He has got more confidence and has much more awareness around him. He understands that what his father does is only for him, and he loves no-one more. His mother died some time before this New World came to life. The man has raised the boy all by himself. He tries to teach him everything there is to know. The boy has also missed out on many luxuries that the man finds in one instance. The father finds Coca Cola and he asks the boy to try it and the boy responds by saying What is it, Papa? He also teaches him his alphabet. You get to know this from reading the end of the book, where he asks him Can you write the alphabet?, and he the boy responds by saying I can write it. We also learn that the boy wants to help other people that have lost their way, need help, or food. For they meet a man who cannot see well. The boy then insists on spending the night with this man and giving him some food and some warmth for the night. This shows us that even though the boy is very scared he is also very caring and wants to help other people that come across their path. He doesnt mind giving up his own food or his own clothing he just wants to help people around him. The boy shows a lot of compassion and a sense of social responsibility; you can see that the boy has a warm character and a soft heart towards everyone. However the father is not like a mirror image of the son, he trusts no-one. He believes in one for ones self, and has experienced a lot of suffering. The father has also lost a lot of loved ones and is emotional scarred and he thinks that the only way to stop this is to cut out all other people in his life. At the end of the novel, the father dies because he loses too much blood from an arrow wound, when the man was trying to protect the boy when they were at a town, trying to get some food. However, some village folk started to shoot at them thinking that they are carnivores. The boy waits by his side for 3 days, waiting for someone to come and help him. At the end a man, his wife and children were walking pass and decide to take him with them. He sees that the boy has supplies that they need and offer to help. The boy doesnt leave without covering his dad with a blanket, and saying his last goodbyes. The novel is written in sparse but moving prose. Cormac McCarthy uses simplifed formatting for his novel. There are no speech marks throughout the story. To provide us the adrelinin rush and to create tension throughout the novel McCarthy uses short sentences. The style that he writes in highlights the bond between the father and the son. I think that the boy is a symbol for hope, courage, and commitment. I felt a sense of pride in the ability of men to look after children even in difficult times. The novel inspires me to understand what families go through when they fight for survival.

Stylistic Potential of the English Noun

STYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF THE ENGLISH NOUN Table of Contents Introduction-3 Chapter One. Stylistic resources of grammatical units on the basis of the English Noun -6 1. 1 Functions of the language and connotative meanings-7 1. 2 Grammatical Stylistics and Stylistic Grammar-9 1. 3 The meaning of the grammatical form-10 1. 4 Noun in different functional styles -10 1. 5 Stylistic potential of the English noun-11 1. 5. 1 Stylistic potential of the category of gender-11 1. 5. 2 Stylistic potential of the category of number-26 1. 5. Stylistic potential of the category of case-30 1. 5. 4 Stylistic potential of the category of article determination-34 Chapter Two. Analysis of examples taken from fiction on the basis of considered theoretical phenomena-42 2. 1 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of gender-43 2. 2 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of number-53 2. 3 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of case-55 2. 4 Analysis of the examples regarding the cate gory of article determination -59 Conclusions-66 Reference list-69 Introduction Nowadays learning a foreign language implies its active practical mastering, what, in its turn, is quite impossible to do grasping just the system of a language, its standard grammar, language factors which correspond only to the literary norms. Do we always stick to the rules while speaking in our native language? The answer will be no. Why do we break them? By doing this deliberately we may express our attitude to what we are saying. We must â€Å"know the grammar† to make effective word and stylistic choices when we speak and write. At the same time, breaking grammar â€Å"rules† or conventions can be appropriate when rhetorical considerations of audience and purpose call for it. For example, we don't use the same â€Å"grammar† to write an Instant Message as we do to write an English paper. So this aspect of learning any language should not be neglected. The approach that would be more effective in this case is functional. Functions of the language are indissolubly connected with the usage of any of its elements. In other words, the emergence of connotative meanings depends on the functions of the language. The functional approach requires first of all revealing stylistic resources of the language units of its different levels including the grammatical ones. The latter are the object of the new branch of linguastylistics Grammatical Stylistics which basic aim implies study of stylistic means (both expressive and functional) of grammatical units. It can be subdivided into morphological and syntactical one. If the stylistic means of Syntax are not usually cast upon doubt, those of Morphology on the contrary are. In the project there was made an attempt to demonstrate that the reason for this is the result of insufficient study. The other objectives of the present work are: to consider, compare different points of view of linguists concerning the object of study; to organize the material according four nounal categories; to show the stylistic purpose of the usage of studied phenomena; to illustrate connotative meanings of the considered grammatical forms; to put the considered theory into practice. As to the methods used in the project, the following ones have been applied: comparative (there was made an attempt to consider different linguists’ opinions concerning certain linguistic phenomena); analytical (on considering 36 literal texts there were picked up plenty of examples, that were organized according four nounal categories and analyzed basing on the research made in the theoretical part). In the thesis there was made an ttempt to organize the material on the stylistic potential of the English Noun considering the following four nounal categories: the category of gender, the category of number, the category of case and the category of article determination. This work consists of two chapters. The first one deals with the functional approach to learning a foreign language, with the relatively new science Grammatical Stylistic. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal what has caused its appearing by considering different opinions of linguists and to illustrate the s tylistic potential of the English Noun on the basis of some grammatical categories. There were considered rules concerning certain linguistic phenomena, but most of the work is focused on what causes their violation (cases of transposition, neutralization). All the linguistic phenomena discussed in this chapter are illustrated in the second one by means of about 200 cases that have been taken from the works that belong to the belles-lettres style (tales, poetry, short stories) written by such famous English and American writers of 18-20 centuries as Blake W. , ColeridgeS. T. , Munro H. , Poe A. A. , Hemingway E. , Salinger J. D, etc. The aim of this chapter is to put the considered theory into practice showing the way the phenomena have been dealt with work out. The examples are organized also according the four nounal categories mentioned above in the following way: Examples regarding the category of gender (2. 1) (Here we distinguish two groups: (1)A neuter noun used as feminine; (2)A neuter noun used as masculine, explaining the purpose of changing the gender); Examples regarding the category of number (2. ) (In this paragraph we consider some cases when proper, abstract, material nouns are used in the plural form); Examples regarding the category of case (2. 3) (Here we consider cases when inanimate nouns take the s-genitive); Examples regarding the category of article determination (2. 4)(in this paragraph we consider cases when the article is used in the linguistic environment that is alien to it). The analysis is supported by the conclusions after each paragraph. Cha pter One Stylistic Resources of the grammatical units on the basis of the English Noun All the linguistic phenomena we consider in the presented work are the subject of a relatively new science that is Stylistic Morphology. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal what have caused its appearing by considering different opinions of linguists and to illustrate the stylistic potential of the English Noun on the basis of some grammatical categories. The chapter starts with an effective approach in mastering a foreign language, namely with the functional one. Paragraph 1. 1 also illustrates the relationship between connotative meanings and functions of the language. Paragraph 1. is devoted to the appearance of Grammatical Stylistics (Stylistic Grammar), its subdivision and contrary judgments concerning its importance. Then attention is paid to the meaning of the grammatical form and to the notion of transposition. In the subsequent part of the chapter there was made an attempt to organize the material on the stylistic potential of the English noun considering the following nounal categories: the category of gender (1. 5. 1); the category of number (1. 5. 2); the category of case (1. 5. 3); the category of article determination (1. 5. 3). 1. 1 Functions of the language and connotative meanings. Nowadays learning a foreign language implies its active practical mastering. What in its turn is quite impossible to do grasping just the system of a language, its standard grammar, language factors which correspond only to the literary norms. The approach that would be more effective in our case is a functional one. More and more linguists come to agree with it today. The Russian linguist Kojina M. [1] said: The indispensable attention to the peculiarities of the usage of language means is the most necessary condition and the most effective method of teaching (the Russian linguist M. Kojina) This statement requires a deep research in the stylistic usage of language means, taking into consideration both expressive and functional nature of stylistic phenomena. Functions of the language are indissolubly connected with the usage of any of its elements. In other words, the emergence of connotative meanings depends on the functions of the language. As to the latter, there are many different opinions concerning their number. But the absolute majority of linguists agree on the point that the language is polyfunctional. For instance, R. Jackobson distinguishes the following six functions[2]: . Referential, that implies orientation onto the context; 2. Emotive, that is the function of the expression of the speaker’s will, feelings; 3. Poetic; 4. Conative, that implies orientation onto the addressee; 5. Metalingual, that is the function that provides the possibility to speak about the language by means of the language; 6. Phatic, that implies the establishment of the contact . So the emotive function, for example, implies the intention to give way to emotions that, in its turn, causes appearing of the emotionally expressive connotation. Each function gives birth to certain stylistic shadows. And it is no accident that in any living language there exist stylistic connotations with their heterogeneous character that is determined by the variety of the functions, Now going slightly back to the first point of this paragraph we would like to continue it by mentioning that the functional approach in mastering foreign languages requires first of all revealing stylistic resources of the language units of its different levels including grammatical ones. The famous Russian linguist V. Vinogradov[3] once mentioned: The stylistics of the national †¦ language includes al its sides – its phonetic system, Grammar, Word-stock and Phraseology. So far in Stylistics much attention has been paid mainly to the analysis in the field of Word stock. But the success in the late elaboration of the problems of Functional Stylistics allows the linguists to apply the stylistic analysis also to Grammar (including Morphology). 1. 2 Grammatical Stylistics or Stylistic Grammar The modern stage of the development of Linguistics is characterized by appearing of new disciplines at the meeting point of old ones. Grammar and Stylistics are closely connected with each other. As a result, a new branch of linguastylistics has already appeared. That is Grammatical Stylistics or Stylistic Grammar. The basic aim of Grammatical Stylistics implies study of stylistic means (both expressive and functional) of grammatical units. Grammatical Stylistics can be subdivided into morphological and syntactical one. But if the Stylistic means of Syntax are not usually cast upon doubt those of Morphology on contrary are. There are some rather skeptical judgments (A,M. Peshkovski, A. N. Gvozdev, A. Alonso). Acknowledging only Syntactical Stylistics the Spanish linguist Martin Alonso writes[4]: Style is not Morphology; it is connected not with the word but with the sentence. However, this understanding of the Stylistic role of Morphology according to Firsova I. cannot be considered right. [5] It narrows the limits of Stylistics. According to the fact that the object of Stylistics implies the language in the process of its usage the stylistic analysis must embrace all the levels of the language including the morphological one. The observation proves the point of view of those linguists who consider that morphological units have stylistic possibilities and must be the subject of Stylistics. The traditional idea regarding the insignificance of Stylistic recourses of Morphology is the result of insufficient study of the material. Stylistic Morphology has a number of objects of study. This is on the one hand the subsystem of the means of word-building and on the other hand the subsystem of categorical grammatical forms. In the present work we are going to deal with the second one. 1. 3 The meaning of the grammatical form In order to realize better the stylistic potential of the morphological means it is important to consider the structure of their meaning. In this work attention is going to be paid to the grammatical form. Its meaning is not something homogeneous. It can have two elements of meaning: denotative and connotative. The first implies what the grammatical form denotes itself that is its grammatical meaning. The second element implies a complication by any kind of stylistic information (of both emotional and logical character). The connotative meaning of the units of the morphological level implies their ability to evoke in our consciousness secondary associations of emotional or logical character connected with our experience. In some cases the expression of different emotions, evaluation and also of functional stylistic connotations is realized by breaking usual valency relations. What we are speaking about is transposition. That is the divergence between the traditional meaning and that which is prompted by the context on the level of Morphology. And now at this stage let us consider stylistic potential of the English noun on the basis of some grammatical categories. 1. 4 Noun in different functional styles The noun plays a very important role among the morphological resources of any language including, of course, English. That is determined according the Russian linguist Golub I. [6] by: †¢ its semantic features; †¢ quantitative predominance over other parts speech; †¢ potential figurative and expressive means. â€Å"The noun as a part of speech according to Blokh M. I. has the categorial meaning of â€Å"substance† or â€Å"thingness†[7]. It is impossible to express an idea without the latter that is why the use of nouns is an obligatory condition for any speech act. Golub I. mentions that their frequency of use fluctuates depending on the content of the text; the style it belongs to; the peculiarities of author’s intention. Style influences over the choice of words, their forms and their place in the sentence. This correlation of style and words influence greatly over the composition of linguistic units. Nouns are often very much needed in so-called bookish styles: the scientific prose, newspaper, publicistic styles and also that of official documents. That is determined by the necessity to name institutions, persons, their activities, etc. The use in the belles-lettres style is determined by the creative purpose of the author, the way he or she resolves certain stylistic tasks. Here the noun fulfils not only the informative function but also an aesthetic one. A stylistically neutral noun can be involved into the system of expressive means of the language and so it gets expressive connotation[8] . 1. 5. Stylistic Potential of the English noun 1. 5. 1 Stylistic Potential of the category of gender In Old English all nouns were classified as masculine, feminine or sometimes neuter based entirely on grammatical considerations, not on sex or the lack of it. They were referred to by pronoun declensions that also were subdivided according to grammatical gender. Since then the language has undergone a great variety of big and small changes. The system of grammatical gender was not an exception. Since the 12th to 15th centuries most of the gender distinctions has disappeared. [9] Basing on the fact that the noun in Contemporary English does not possess any special gender forms and the accompanying adjective, pronoun, article does not agree with the head –noun (Compare: Engl. a young lady, a young man, a young tree and Russ. , , ) some linguists (M. Ganshina, N. Vasilevskaia[10], A. I. Smirnitsky[11],G. Leech and J. Svartvik[12], I. G. Koshevaya[13], etc) conclude that in Modern English there is no grammatical gender. What English nouns now have is according to them natural gender1 that stipulates the sex of the referent or its lack of it. So all the nouns can be subdivided into three classes according to their lexical meaning: masculine (referred to as he) – names of male beings, feminine (referred to as she) – names of female beings, neuter (referred to as it) – names of lifeless things and abstract notions2: Masculine:father, brother, boy Feminine:mother, girl, sister Neuter:computer, lamp, beauty, friendship Now let us consider another point of view namely that of Blokh M. [14] that a bit differs from the one already mentioned above. In her book â€Å"Theoretical Grammar† she agrees that the gender division of noun in English is expressed as nounal classification (not as variable forms of words). The question remains, Blokh M. continues, whether this classification has any serious grammatical relevance. She gives some arguments that support the positive answer to this question (see below). In the conclusions to the chapter we can read: †¦ the category of gender in English is inherently semantic, i. . meaningful in so far as it reflects the actual features of the named objects. But the semantic nature of the category does not in the least make it into â€Å"non-grammatical†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ So, as we can see, Blokh M. considers the category of gender as a grammatical one. In the book she presents it by means of the binary privative opposition. (It is a type of opposition that is formed by a contrastive pair of members in which one member is characterized by the presence of a certain differential feature (â€Å"mark†), while the other member is characterized by the absence of this feature. The member in which the feature is present is called â€Å"marked† or â€Å"weak† or â€Å"positive† (â€Å"+†); the member in which the feature is absent is called â€Å"unmarked†, â€Å"weak† or â€Å"negative† (â€Å"-†)). It is expressed by the correlation of nouns with the personal pronouns of the third person: he, she, and it. The category is formed by two oppositions that are related to each other on a hierarchical basis. According to the upper opposition all nouns can be subdivided into two groups: person (human) nouns [strong member] and non-person (non-human) nouns [weak member]. Within the subset of person nouns the lower opposition divides them into masculine [weak member] and feminine [strong member] (Fig. 1) Figure 1:1 Oppositional structure of the category of gender[15] (according to Blokh M. ) â€Å"+†- strong member â€Å"-†- weak member A lot of English nouns can express both feminine and masculine person genders. They are referred to as nouns of the â€Å"common gender† (i. e. doctor, teacher, president, etc. ). This capability of expressing both genders makes the category variable. On the other hand, when there is no need to indicate the sex of the person referents of these nouns, they are used neutrally as masculine. Another interesting interpretation of gender in the English language found we in â€Å"A University Grammar of English† by R. Quirk,etc[16]. Its authors say that some pronouns are gender-sensitive (the personal he, she, it and the relative who, which), but others are not (they, some, these, etc). Basing on the pattern of pronoun substitutions for singular nouns they distinguish ten gender classes ( see Fig. 2). Figure 1:2 Gender classes[17] (according to Quirk R. , Greenbaum S. Leech G, etc) |Gender classes |Examples |Pronoun substitution | |animate | | | |masculine ______ |uncle___aunt____ |who –he________________ | |feminine_______ |doctor__ |who- she________________ | |dual___________ |baby____ |who – he/she____________ | |common _______ |family__ |who-he/she/? it, which – it__ | |collective_______ |bull____ |which- it, who – they______ | |masculine higher_ animal_________ | |which – it/ (? who) – he____ | |feminine higher__ animal_________ |cow____ | | |higher organism__ | |which – it/ (? ho)-she)____ | |lower animal____ |France__ | | | |ant_____ |which – it/she____________ | | | |which-it________________ | |Inanimate | | | |inanimate_______ |Box |Which –it______________ | There are certain rules about what nouns can be regarded to as masculine, feminine and neuter. Some times they are broken in order to achieve a certain goal. At this stage it would be quite logic if we consider some of such cases grouping them in two sets where 1. A masculine or a feminine noun is used as neuter; 2. A neuter noun is used as a masculine or a feminine one. 1. A masculine or a feminine noun is used as neuter (depersonification) Dealing with this topic the Russian linguist Screbnev I. gives among several examples this one[18]: â€Å"Where did you find it? †- asked Mord Em’ly of Miss Gilliken with a satirical accent. â€Å"Who are you calling ‘it’† – demanded Mr. Barden aggressively. P’r’aps you’ll kindly call me I’m and not it† (W. Partridge) [19] So here Miss Gilliken is referred to with the pronoun it . A feminine noun becomes neuter. By doing this the speaker shows his neglect, he is probably m ocking at her and considers that she is not worth being respected. 2. A neuter noun is used as either feminine or masculine. Let us start considering the second set with animate nouns that are regarded to as neuter, namely with animals. The main purpose of such usage according to Ganshina M. , Vasilevskaya N. [20] is to create a certain image. In tales, for example, the choice of gender greatly depends on the personal qualities the author ascribes to the animal: Wait a minute,† said the monkey proudly, â€Å"I can climb. † He ran quickly up the tree and threw the rich ripe fruit to the ground. Next day the Rabbit went to see his friend the sable: she had many daughters and forest people always came to see her. [21] In general they say all nouns denoting animals can be substituted by the pronoun it and so considered neuter: We found the horse in its stable. [22] And summarizing everything M. Ganshina and V. Vasilevskaya come to the following conclusion: the lower the ani mal in the scale, the more exclusively is the noun denoting it referred to in the neuter gender. And so nouns denoting birds, fishes, insects and reptiles and generally considered s neuter: The snake crept into its hole. [23] According to G. Leech we use he or she for animals when we think of them as having the personal qualities of human beings (e. g. family pets): Have you given Rover his dog-biscuits. [24] Alice Macline singles out two types of nouns: ones that indicate the sex of the animals and ones that don’t. Let us illustrate them by the following examples[25]: Nouns indicate the sex of the animals do not indicate the sex of the animals Male FemaleCommon words bull, steer(cowcattle stallion, gelding(marehorse boarsowpig, hog ramewesheep buckdoedeer cock, rooster, capon*henchicken gandergoosegoose drakeduckduck Mentioning the case when the sex of the animal is not indicated by the noun M. Ganshina says that the nouns that stand for the larger and bolder animals are generally associated with the masculine gender, nouns that stand for the smaller and weaker with feminine:[26] Masculine: elephant, horse, dog Feminine: cat, parrot, hare. The elephant lifted his mighty trunk. The cat has upset her milk[27]. Here goes one more observation made by M. Ganshina concerning names of animals, the latter agree with the feminine pronoun also when their maternal instinct is referred to: A bird betrays her nest when trying to conceal it. The swallow was teaching her young how to fly. But in the imaginary world of Literature where there are no such traditional associations the writer is free to choose the gender to refer to his/her character in case of personification. Here M. Ganshina gives an example from O. Wilde â€Å"Happy Prince† where the author makes the swallow of masculine gender and the reed of feminine: One night there flew over the city a little Swallow. His friends had gone away to Egypt six weeks before, but he had stayed behind, for he was in love with the most beautiful Reed. He had met her early in the spring as he was flying down the river after a big yellow moth[28]. Sometimes one can refer to some thing that one feels is necessary or very important to him or her, that he or she likes very much with the pronoun he or she. By doing this one as if humanifies () the thing one adores and in this way expresses his or her affection. In terms of gender the neuter noun becomes either feminine (in case it is referred to as she) or masculine (in case it is referred to as he) as in the example given by the Russian linguist Kolpakchi M. : [29]: My typewriter must be easy to reach, he is my second self. Speaking about abstract nouns it is worth mentioning that by changing the gender the English speaker can emphasize his attitude towards it, its importance. While dealing with it in her book Kolpakchi M. A. gives the following example: Peace raised her voice†¦ She says that the author used here the possessive pronoun her (that corresponds to the personal pronoun she) not by mere accident. He or she used it on purpose imagining Peace as a woman, an unwearying fighter for peace. The choice of gender is very subjective. To illustrate this Kolpakchi M. A. gives the following two examples: Because I could not step for death, He kindly stepped for me. E. Dickenson Death was not there. It must have gone around another street. E. Hemingway Speaking about the impending death E. Dickenson, for example, made the latter masculine. Hemingway, on the contrary, referred to it with the pronoun it making it neuter. And so the reader gets the idea according to Kolpakchi M. A. that E. Dickenson imagined death as a man and Hemingway who had seen a lot of cases of death considered it an ordinary thing not personifying it. Now let us consider one more thing, namely zoomorphisms. These are the words that denote animals, birds, or fantastic creatures but are used to refer to people. The Russian linguist I. V. Arnold says that in this case they get a metaphorical emotionally colored and often offensive connotation[30]. She mentions that it can be easily noticed if we compare direct and metaphorical meanings of the following words: ass, beast, bitch, donkey, duck, mule, pig, swine, tabby, toad, wolf, worm, etc. Here are two examples with such metaphorically employed words in the context that gives Arnold I. V while considering zoomorphisms[31]: 1. I was not going to have all the old tabbies bossing her around just because she is not what they call â€Å"our class† (A. Wilson The Middle Age) In this example the speaker calls the ladies she does charity work with old tabbies. Arnold I. V mentions that in the same chapter but a bit earlier the narrator says that she (the speaker) regarded them as fools and did not hesitate to tell him so. That supports the idea that the word tabbies is used here emotionally. 2. What were you talking about to that old mare downstairs? S. Delaney) While reading the sentence you as if see the speaker pronouncing it with scorn, probably hatred. Alongside with the emotional connotation these words can also have an expressive, stylistic (colloquial) one. I. V. Arnold notices that when the words that name animals have synonyms, the latter can differ in intensi ty and character of connotation[32]. She illustrate this by giving the following examples: pig, monkey, donkeyswine, ass, ape can express irony together with affection. can sound rude, offensive. Here goes an example provided by Arnold I. V. of a zoomorphism in the context: E. g. â€Å"Don’t be such a donkey, dear† (C. P. Snow) Negative connotations according to the same Russian linguist can be intensified by means of different epithets, emphatic constructions: you impudent pup, you filthy swine, you lazy dog, that big horse of a girl[33]. Now let us go on with inanimate nouns. They can be substituted by the pronouns which, it and so treated as neuter. But sometimes they can be personified and the nouns that denote them are referred to either as belonging to the masculine or the feminine gender. Here are some traditional associations that Ganshina M and Vasilevskaya N distinguish[34]: 1. The nouns moon, earth are considered feminine, sun masculine: It is pleasant to watch the sun in his chariot of gold, and the moon in her chariot of pearl. (Wilde) The earth awoke from her winter sleep. 2. Those abstract nouns that suggest such ideas as strength, fierceness, courage, etc are considered masculine (anger, death, fear). The ones that are associated with gentleness, beauty are referred to as feminine (spring, peace, dawn). Names of countries can be substituted by either the pronoun it or she. So they can be considered either neuter or feminine. The choice depends on their use. According to Leech G. if the country is seen as a political or cultural unit rather than as geographical unit it is treated as feminine: Last year France increased her exports by 10 per cent. [35] Otherwise it is treated as neuter: Ireland is an island, on three sides it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean1 In sport the name of a country according to Quirk R. can stand for the team that represent her and be referred to as a personal collective noun: France have improved their chance of winning the cup. [36] In this class Quirk also places ships and other entities towards which an affectionate attitude is expressed by a personal substitute (ship, boat, steamer, car, etc): What a lovely ship. What is she called? He also mentions that a proud owner of a sports car may refer to it as she or perhaps as he if the owner is female. When a nonpersonal abstract noun (neuter) in the sentence stands for a personal one it becomes he (masculine) or she (femenine). The Russian linguist Arnold I. V. entions that in case of transposition of nonpersonal abstract nouns (used as personal) some emotional or expressive connotations appear[37]. She gives the following examples: The chubby little eccentricity::a chubby eccentric child; He is a disgrace to his family::he is a disgraceful son; The old oddity ::a n odd old person. From the point of view of sociology it is worth mentioning the sexist language here while speaking about the gender. It can be defined as â€Å"speech and writing that make unnecessary distinctions based on sex† (A. Macline). Some people do not like using occupational terms that show the sex of the person who is doing the work. They substitute them for nonsexist equivalents[38] : TraditionalNonsexist stewardessflight attendant postmanpostal worker chairman chairperson or chair salesladysalesperson or salesclerk According to â€Å"Book of English Usage†[39] some of the most interesting changes that have taken place in the English language over the last 30 years have been driven by the desire to avoid sexism in the language. This reform movement differs from most previous ones based on a desire for English to be more logical, more efficient in expression. The book says that the reforms involving gender are explicitly political in intent and represent a quest for social justice rather than a wish for more consistent logic. The author of this chapter considers that this movement has been remarkably successful by historical standards. A glance at any newspaper or five minutes in front of the television news will produce evidence to show that people are changing their language to accommodate concerns about fairness to both sexes. It is undeniable that large numbers of men and women are uncomfortable using constructions that have been criticized for being sexist. Since there is little to be gained by offending people in one’s audience, it makes sense to educate oneself about the issues involved and to try to accommodate at least some of these concerns. The use of the sexist language can sometimes lead to ambiguity. There is an example with the term policemen in the book. While using it, it is not clear whether the speaker is excluding women police officers or whether he or she allows the term stand for the entire police force. Another problem is that not everyone perceives the sexist language the same way. People have different levels of sensitivity on these matters and everyone must find a level that suits him or her. Some people not object to using the generic he, but avoid the generic use of compounds ending in –man. Some are not comfortable using the form fellow, as in fellow colleagues, to refer to women. That complicates the matter. Finally, it is important to remember that avoiding sexist terms and constructions is no guarantee that what one has written will be free of gender bias. Sexist stereotypes, such as the assumption that all nurses are women or that all executive are men, can seem like the status quo – the way the world is- especially when one is distracted by a deadline or concerned about some other feature of his or her writing, such as organization or its tone. Sexist assumptions can be insidious. A headline that reads â€Å"Allegations Embroil Financier and Woman† may seem innocuous at first, but if the article shows the woman to be a financier as well, one have to wonder about the politics of the headline editor, who has assumed that a financier must naturally be a man and that a woman’s professional status is somehow not worth mentioning[40]. . 5. 2ylistic Potential of the category of number The category of number is expressed by the opposition of the plural form to the singular one. The strong member is the plural. Basing on the quantitative characteristics of the nouns two groups can be distinguished: countable and uncountab le. Countable nouns refer to people, places, or things that can be counted (one dollar/two dollars, one house, two houses). They [these countable nouns] can always be made plural usually by adding â€Å"s† or some other variation of the plural ending (student(s), countri(es), child(ren). A few words are the same in both the singular and plural forms (deer, sheep). Uncountable nouns often refer to food, beverages, substances, or abstractions (meat, tea, steel, information); some uncountable nouns (but not the abstract ones) can be made countable by adding a â€Å"count frame† in front of them (two gallons of milk, six blocks of ice, a bar of soap, a bunch of celery). The nouns of the second group are treated as either singular or plural and are usually referred to as singularia tantum (peace, love, friendship) [only singular] and pluralia tantum (scissors, trousers, spectacles) [only plural]. M. I. Blokh[41] refers to them as absolute singular and the absolute plural. Unfortunately, there is not clear-cut distinction between countable and uncountable nouns. Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable even without adding count frames. For example, as an uncountable noun, experience refers to abstract knowledge or skill that can be gained by observing or participating in events. As a singular or plural countable noun (experience/experiences), the word â€Å"experience† refers to a particular instance (or instances) of participation in events. Similarly, the uncountable noun â€Å"glass† is a substance made from silicates; â€Å"a glass† (singular) is something you drink from; and â€Å"glasses† (plural) are frames containing lenses that correct imperfect vision[42]. There are other exceptions to the countable/uncountable distinction as well. Moreover, a noun that is countable in one’s native language may be uncountable in English, and vice-versa. For example, â€Å"watch† is countable in English but uncountable in Russian. However, as long as we are aware of these differences they probably will not cause us much difficulty. The Guide to Grammar and Writing [43] says that a special situation exists when a subject seems not to agree with its predicate. For instance, when we want each student to see his or her counselor (and each student is assigned to only one counselor), but we want to avoid that â€Å"his or her† construction by pluralizing, do we say â€Å"Students must see their counselors† or â€Å"Students must see their counselor†? The singular counselor is necesssary to avoid the implication that students have more than one counselor apiece. Do we say â€Å"Many sons dislike their father or fathers†? We don't mean to suggest that the sons have more than one father, so we use the singular father. Theodore Bernstein, in Dos, Don'ts and Maybes of English Usage, says that â€Å"Idiomatically the noun applying to more than one person remains in the singular when (a) it represents a quality or thing possessed in common (â€Å"The audience's curiosity was aroused†); or (b) it is an abstraction (â€Å"The judges applied their reason to the problem†), or (c) it is a figurative word (â€Å"All ten children had a sweet tooth†) (203). Sometimes good sense will have to guide you. We might want to say â€Å"Puzzled, the children scratched their head† to avoid the image of multi-headed children, but â€Å"The audience rose to their foot† is plainly ridiculous and about to tip over. In â€Å"The boys moved their car/cars,† the plural would indicate that each boy owned a car, the singular that the boys (together) owned one car (which is quite possible). It is also possible that each boy owned more than one car. One should be prepared for such situations, and consider carefully the implications of using either the singular or the plural. One might have to avoid the problem by going the opposite direction of pluralizing: moving things to the singular and talking about what each boy did[44]. There are cases when the opposition of the singular to the plural is neutralized when a change of meaning, attitude is involved. Let us consider some examples organizing them in the following groups: A) countable: the plural stands for the singular and vice versa B) Countable nouns: repetition groups C) Uncountable nouns: the plural form results in expressive transposition 1. ountable: the plural stands for the singular and vice versa The example below shows that such nouns as committee can be substituted either with the singular pronoun it or the plural pronoun they (without changing the number in the noun). R. Quirk and other authors of â€Å"A University Grammar of English† say that the differenc e reflects a difference in attitude: the singular stresses the non-personal collectivity of the group and the plural the personal individuality within the group: 1. The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. The committee have met and they have rejected the proposal [45] Here are similar examples: 2. The family were gathered round the table. 3. The government are unanimous in disapproving the move of the opposition. In the subsequent cases (when the plural implies the singular and vice versa) the relation of the whole to its parts comes to the foreground. The varieties of transfer (‘whole –part’ and ‘part – whole’) are called synecdoche, which itself is the simplest case of metonymy: 4. â€Å"How dare he talk like that to ladies? † (there is only one lady present) 5. â€Å"Now what’s that? Reading books instead of working? † (the delinquent is certainly reading one book at the moment) 6. â€Å"This is what the student is supposed to know† (every student, a number of students, all those who study the subject: the singular stands for the plural)[46] 2. Countable nouns: repetition groups Indefinitely large quantity can be intensely presented by means of repetition groups. The nouns in them can be used either in the plural or in the singular: There were trees and trees all around us. I lit cigarette after cigarette. This variety of plural can be considered as a peculiar analytical form in the marginal sphere of the category of number[47]. (C)Uncountable nouns: the plural form results in expressive transposition As it has been mentioned above the English noun has both the singular and the plural forms. But there is a restriction on this general rule: proper, abstract, material nouns have just one form. And if the restriction is ignored some particular meanings, connotations are restricted. The plural form of the following nouns in bold type intensifies large quantity: E. g. : the sands of the desert; †¢ the fruits of the toil; †¢ Waters on a starry night are beautiful and fair. (W. Wordsworth) †¢ But where are the snows of yesterday? (F. Villon) It plays not the last role in making the description more graphic. M. I. Blokh calls it  "descriptive uncountable plural†. 1. 5. 3 Stylistic Potential of the category of case This category is expressed in the English language by the opposition of the genitive or possessive case to the common case. The strong member is the first one. Functionally, those two case systems relate to one another in a very peculiar way. If the common form is not restricted in its uses, the genitive one is. It is restricted to the functions that have a parallel expression by prepositional constructions. To illustrate the complex nature of the genitive Blokh M. distinguishes the following basic semantic types of the genitive[48] : †¢ â€Å"the genitive of possessor† E. g. : Christine’s living room (the living room belongs to Christine), Dad’s earnings, Kate and Jerry’s grandparents. †¢ â€Å"the genitive of integer† (â€Å"organic possession†) E. g. : Jane’s busy hands (the busy hands as part of Jane’s person), Patrick’s voice, the hotel’s lobby. †¢ â€Å"the genitive of agent† E. g. : the great man’s arrival (the great man arrives), Peter’s insistence, the hotel’s competitive position. â€Å"the genitive of patient† E. g. : the champion’s sensational defeat (the champion is defeated), Erick’s final expulsion. †¢ â€Å"the genitive of destinationâ₠¬  E. g. : women’s footwear (footwear for women), children’s verses, a fisher’s tent. In some postmodified noun phrases it is possible to use an ’s genitive by affixing the inflection to the final part of the postmodification rather than to the head noun itself. Thus: The teacher’s room The teacher of music’s room This group genitive is regularly used with such posmodifications as in someone else’s house, the heir apparent’s name, as well as prepositional phrases. Other examples involve coordinations: n hour and a half’s discussion a week or so’s sunshine. [49] The group genitive is not normally acceptable following a clause, though in colloquial use one sometimes hears examples like[50]: Old man what-do-you-call-him’s house has been painted A man I know’s son has been injured in a railway accident. In normal use, especially in writing, such s-genetives would be replaced by of-genitive: The son of a man I know has been injured in a railway accident. Now let us consider the combination â€Å"of + genitive case† (a friend of my brother’s) or â€Å"of + possessive pronoun† (a friend of mine). According to Ganshina M. , Vasilevskaya N. t has usually partitive, denoting â€Å"one of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here are some examples[51]: He is a friend of my brother’s (= one of my brother’s friends); It is a book of mine (=one of my book); It is a novel of Galsworthy’s (= one of his novels). The say that sometimes this meaning can be lost and the construction acquires emotional force (denoting praise, pleasure, displeasure, etc) or becomes purely descriptive: We all admired that clever remark of his. That cottage of my friend’s is surrounded by a beautiful garden. It was really surprising that he had been able to find this small island of ours at all. Is she a particular friend of yours? A friend of the doctor’s has arrived[52]. In Modern English the use of the genitive case is restricted chiefly to nouns denoting living beings. In the following examples provided by Ganshina M. , Vasilevskaya N. the use of the genitive case is closely connected with personification:[53] 1. with the nouns sun, moon, earth: The sun’s (his) rays are very hot at noon in summer. The moon’s (her) shadow swept over the lake. And each flower and herb on Earth’s dark breast rose from the dreams of its wintry rest. (Shelly) 2. with the nouns ship, boat, vessel The ship’s crew were all asleep. 3. with the names of countries: Moscow is Russian’s greatest scientific and cultural centre. 4. with abstract nouns (especially in poetry) Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day stands tiptoe on the misty mountain top. But that does not exhaust the stylistic potential of the genitive case. It was mentioned in  «  » by Arnold[54] that the use of the inflected form is characteristic of newspaper headlines not only because of space economy but also because this form emphasizes the attribute. Comparing Hollywood’s Studios Empty with The Studios of Hollywood empty they prefer the first variant. Now let us consider one more point of view regarding the ’s and of-phrase. E. G. Rappoport[55] says that ’s expresses indissoluble connection between the whole and its part. Of ,on the contrary, characterizes such a relation between the whole and its part when the latter is understood as something that exists on its own. The author gives then an example from the novel by Galsworthy â€Å"The White Monkey†. Michael and Soms are waiting for Fleur’s baby to be delivered: Michael had his right arm tight across his chest, Soames his left. They formed a pattern, thus side by side. (Both were rather strained. ) Then Soames says, â€Å"Listen! †Sounds – different – confused! Michael’s hand seized something, gripped it hard; it was cold, thin – the hand of Soames. So Mike at first perceived Soames’ hand (the hand of Soames) as an object (something) . It doesn’t come to him at once that he has gripped his father’s-in-law hand. Michael’s hand, on the contrary, represents a closer unity and it is equal to Michael. 1. 5. 4 Stylistic Potential of the category of article determination The category of article determination is not universally manifestable. The categorial forms â€Å"determination-indetermination† are neutralized when either the definite or indefinite article is omitted although it should precede the noun or the noun group. But the neutralization (absence of the article) is stylistically heterogeneous. Most depends on what sublanguage the text belongs, on the circumstances of communication. It is known that absence of articles is typical of headlines to newspaper columns (the sublanguage used in newspaper headlines is jocularly called Headlinese – by analogy with Chinese, Portuguese, etc)[56]: Prime Minister Talks on Middle East Events Police Seek Mystery Assailant Miner Sentenced to Death Picket Tried to Hold up Train Skrebnev I. M. gives also the following example that demonstrates absence: Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries sheds hoofs too. Hoofs hard but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth†. That is an extract from the speech of an exemplary pupil of the famous â€Å"school of facts†, Bitzer by name (Hard Times by Charles Dickens). The boy, on being asked to define a horse, talks as if he were asked to reproduce word for word the text of some reference book (in books of this kind articles are often omitted). So there is no article in particular types of abbreviated language[57]: †¢ newspaper headlines (Girls dies in Fire) †¢ dictionary deginitions (Crystal = substance solidified in geometrical form) †¢ instructions (Read instructions first. Check plug. Select correct speed. ) †¢ telegrams (Sign contract immediately. Letter follows. ) Sometimes articles are omitted in careless colloquial speech. To demonstrate this Skrebnev I remembers the well-known scene I of Pygmalion by B. Shaw where one of the by-standers says in Eliza Doolittle’s defence: Girl never said a word to him (instead of The girl†¦) Articles are also eliminated in many Pidgins as well as in a number of languages like, for example, Russian. â€Å"Bring me dog†, would possibly be more meaningful in context of the moment, than in some literary sense[58]. Article causes a considerable amount of confusion for speakers of most of the world’s other languages, who seem to get on rather well without them. Even between British and American usage one finds subtle differences in nuance or emphasis. For example, Americans usually say someone is in the hospital, much as they could be at the bank or in the park. To the British this sounds like there is only one hospital, just as they would say a child is at school or a criminal in prison. This is because they are thinking more of the primary activities that take place within those institutions rather than the buildings in which they are housed. If, however, you are merely visiting one of these places, you are at the hospital, at the school or at the prison. Considering this category in â€Å"Theoretical grammar† M. I. Blokh distinguishes two levels of opposition. On the first level the definite article is contrasted with the indefinite and zero-article being the strong member because of its identifying and individualizing function, while the other forms are referred to as the weak member as they leave the feature (â€Å"identification†) unmarked. On the second level the two types of generalization are contrasted: relative and absolute. The first one is interpreted as the strong member (the indefinite article and the meaningful absence of the article as its analogue with uncountable nouns and nouns in the plural); the second one accordingly as the weak member of the opposition (the meaningful absence of the article). (Fig 1:3) Fig. 1:3 The category of article determination (according to Blokh M. ) Article determination IdentificationNon-identification The +A (N)/? – Relative generalizationAbsolute generalization (â€Å"Classification†)(â€Å"Abstraction†) A (N)/ ? 1 + ? 2 – The article may occasionally be used with an uncharacteristic nounal collocation. It is worth considering now some of such cases starting with instances that involve the indefinite article: According to Blokh M[59] it†¦ †¢ can be used with a nounal collocation of normally individualizing meaning: After all, you’ve got a best side and a worst side of yourself and it’s no good showing the worst side and harping on it. (A. Christie) †¢ It may occasionally be used with a unique referent noun: Ted Latimer from beyond her murmured: â€Å"The sun here isn’t a real sun†. The choice of the adjective in this case is rather subjective. To illustrate this Kolpakchi M. A. gives the following example. The moon that seemed to Onegin foolish, can seem to somebody else mocking or ominous. 60] †¢ Being used before a proper name it can indicate a person whose exact identity has not been established: There is a Miss Frost waiting for you[61]. †¢ Being used before a proper noun according to Arnold I. V. it can create an evaluative m etaphorical connotation: I do not claim to be a Caruso=I don’t think that I sing well; I do not claim to be Caruso=I don’t say that my name is Caruso[62]. The connotation can be either positive or negative. In the following example also provided by Arnold I. V. the evaluation is undoubtfully positive: A century ago there may have been no Leibnitz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday and a Darwin. (N. Viner Cybernetics) The indefinite article in this case emphasizes appreciation of their role in the development of science. However, very often when the indefinite article stands before a proper name of an undistinguished person it may render a negative connotation (it can point out, for example, to some demerits,etc). Here Arnold I. V. gives the following example: He was not a Bagster (GGreen The main point). -He does not want to be like Bagster. Being used before a proper noun the indefinite article can reveal one more meaning, namely belonging to a famous family. In this case it always reveals an evaluative connotation: Elisabeth was a Tudor – Elisabeth possessed some family traits of the noble kin. Here go some other cases that involve the definite article: Proper nouns are names of particular people, places, and things (John F. Kennedy, New York City, Notre Dame Cathedral), and for that reason they are inherently definite. Nevertheless, the definite article is not used with most singular proper nouns. For example, if you are referring to your friend George, you wouldn't say â€Å"The George and I went to a movie last night. † The only times â€Å"the† is used with a name like this are: a) when the speaker wants to be emphatic, as in â€Å"the Elizabeth Taylor† (to emphasize that you are talking about the famous actress, and not about another woman with the same name)[63]. Here goes another example provided by BlokhM Know my partner? Old Robinson. Yes, the Robinson. Don’t you know? The notorious Robinson. (J Conrad Lord Jim) Being used with a proper noun, it refers to one particular individual[64]: Is he the Stephen Spielberg, the film director? b) when the speaker is actually using the name as a common noun, as in â€Å"the George that I introduced you to last night† (the real meaning of this phrase is â€Å"the man named George†¦ â€Å"). Plural names, on the other hand, are always preceded by the: the Johnsons, the Bahamas, etc[65]. Now let us consider two other cases that involve the zero article: †¢ It may be occasionally used with an ordinary concrete noun the emantic nature of which stands in sharp contradiction to the idea of uncountable generalization[66]: The glasses had a habit of slipping down her button nose which did not have enough bridge to hold them up (S. M. Disney) †¢ The Russian linguist Arnold I. V. m entions that together with countable nouns it makes them abstract and considers the following example: There head falls forward, fatigued at evening, And dreams of home, Waving from window, spread of welcome, Kissing of wife under single sheet; But waking sees Bird-flocks nameless to him, through doorway voices Of new men making another love. In this poem by V. Oden Wanderer extreme tiredness of the Wanderer is rendered according to Arnold I. V. by means of abstract images. This fuzziness helps the reader to feel that home and happiness are just a dream. In all these cases that illustrate the peculiar cases involving the article traces of transposition can be seen. Chapter 2 Analysis of examples taken from fiction on the basis of considered theoretical phenomena Being a practical one Chapter2 illustrates the points mentioned in the previous theoretical chapter by means of about 200 instances. The latter have been taken mostly from works of English and American authors that belong to the belles-lettres style (tales, poetry, short stories). The aim of this chapter is to put the considered theory into practice showing the way the phenomena have been dealt with work out. All the examples were considered in the following way: †¢ Examples regarding the category of gender (2. 1) Here we distinguish two groups: A. A neuter noun used as feminine; B. A neuter noun used as masculine, explaining the purpose of changing the gender. †¢ Examples regarding the category of number (2. 2) In this paragraph we consider some cases when proper, abstract, material nouns are used in the plural form. †¢ Examples regarding the category of case (2. 3) Here we consider cases when inanimate nouns take the s-genitive. †¢ Examples regarding the category of article determination (2. 4) In this paragraph we consider cases when the article is used in the linguistic environment that is alien to it. 1. Analysis of the examples regarding the category of gender As it has been already mentioned in the theoretical chapter the gender division of noun in English is expressed as nounal classification (not as variable forms of words) which has grammatical relevance. The category is expressed by the correlation of nouns with the personal pronouns of the third person singular (he, she, it). That is why the latter accompanies all the considered nouns in the examples of this paragraph. Those that are referred to as he are traditionally considered as masculine, and so accordingly there can be distinguished also feminine (referred to as she) and neuter (referred to as it). There are certain rules about what nouns can be regarded to as masculine, feminine or neuter. Sometimes they are broken in order to achieve a certain goal. Such cases are considered in this paragraph, namely when a normally considered neuter noun is used as feminine or masculine. All the examples are divided accordingly into two groups which are considered separately: 1. A neuter noun is used as feminine 2. A neuter noun is used as masculine. In each subset we consider (A) cases where the choice of gender is determined by some traditional associations and (B) examples where this choice is free. It is also worth mentioning that all the subsequent instances are connected with personification. 1. A neuter noun is used as feminine A. Traditional choice of gender In the following example the word vessel (that is neutrally referred to as it) is accompanied by the possessive pronoun her that corresponds to the personal pronoun she. This is actually one of the ways of expressing an affectionate attitude towards any kind of vessel, vehicle, which is traditionally, associated with the personal pronoun she: ? There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail†¦. (A. Tennyson The lady of Sharlott) The same thing will illustrate the following example: ? And why not? he would have asked. If he hadn’t watched every penny all his life he wouldn’t be the owner of the fine ship lying alongside now. What if she was only a small coastal cargo-ship grossing a mere 2053 tons? She was rated Al at Lloyd’s, she would be sailing within the hour with a full cargo, and she was his. He owned and commanded her. (Porteus R. S. A Deal with Father) Here the word of the neuter gender ship is referred to as she and so it becomes feminine. We see that the owner is very proud that â€Å"he owned and commanded her† (personification in this case emphasizes this). Here goes another example from the same short story where the word ship is also used as a feminine noun: ? In the first grey streaks of dawn they sighted her – a pitiful, crippled thing , so far down by the head that the bigger seas broke clean over her foredeck. Captain Wellshot knew her well. Only a few hours ago she had been a fast modern cargo-ship of 10,000 tons, the latest addition to the Greek line. Now she lay with bowed head, wallowing sluggishly as if she no longer had the energy to rise to the seas, content to let them wash over her till they engulfed her completely. From a seaman’s point of view she was nothing but a menace to navigation until she took the final plunge. (Porteous R. S. A Deal with Father) The image of the sinking ship is as if personified here (Captain Wellshot knew her well†¦ She lay with bowed head†¦ ) In the subsequent example the word Moon (that is neutrally referred to as it) is also accompanied by the possessive pronoun her that corresponds to the personal pronoun she. That has a lot to do with personification that is also realized by capitalizing the word Moon and by using with it the participle foretelling (that usually used with animate nouns): ? I see the old Moon in her lap, foretelling The coming-on of rain and squally blast †¦ (Coleridge S. T. Dejection: An Ode) Traditionally such abstract nouns that suggest such ideas as gentleness, beauty, etc are associated with the feminine gender. The subsequent three sentences with examples illustrate this. In the first one the word autumn that is normally referred to as it is substituted by the personal pronoun she. So being a neuter noun it is used as feminine. That makes us imagine a nice woman who â€Å"gave golden fruit to every garden†: The Autumn gave golden fruit to every garden, but to the Giant’s garden she gave none. (Oscar Wilde The Selfish Giant) In the second one the word spring (that is neutrally referred to as it) is substituted by the personal pronoun she and is also referred to by the possessive pronoun her. The personification is realized not only by making the word feminine but also by using it in the possessive case by means of ’s (that is usually used with animate nouns) and by applying to it such words as pantings, kisses, to breathe that are characteristic of human being: ? If spring’s voluptuous pantings when she breathes, Her first sweet kisses, have been dear to me†¦ (Shelley P. B. Alastor or the spirit of solitude) In the third sentence the word Nature (that is neutrally referred to as it) is accompanied by the possessive pronoun her that corresponds to the personal pronoun she. The personification in this case is realized not only by it but also by capitalizing the considered noun and by the accompanying words wedding garment, shroud that are employed metaphorically: ? O Lady! We receive but what we give, And in our life alone does Nature live: Ours is her wedding-garment, ours her shroud! (Coleridge S. T. Dejection: An Ode) B. Free choice of gender In the imaginary world of literature when there are no such traditional associations, the choice of gender greatly depends on the personal qualities the author ascribes to the animal or to any object that becomes alive. The personification in the sentence below is realized not only by referring to the considered noun with the possessive pronoun her but also capitalizing it and by applying to it such phrases as to bow one’s head, to mind one’s charge (that are normally performed by human beings): ? The Cloud descended and the Lily bow’d her modest head And went to mind her numerous charge among the verdant grass. (W. Blake The Book of Thel) The neuter noun snow is referred in the following example by means of the possessive pronoun her that corresponds to the personal pronoun she. The change of the neuter gender into feminine results in personification. The latter is also realized by means of capitalization of the noun and the metaphorically applied to it noun cloak: The Snow covered up the grass with her great white cloak, and the Frost painted all the Trees silver. (Oscar Wilde The Nightingale and the Rose) Personification in the example below is realized by referring to the noun duck as she and also by making her speak as people do (â€Å"You will never be in the best society unless you can stand on your heads,† she kept saying to them). The neuter noun duck is used as feminine. As a result an image of a nice mother who was teaching her children has been created: ? The little ducks were swimming about in the pond, looking just like a lot of yellow canaries, and their mother [duck], who was pure white with real red legs, was trying to teach them how to stand on their heads in the water. You will never be in the best society unless you can stand on your heads,† she kept saying to them; and every now and then she showed them how it was done. (Oscar Wilde The Devoted Friend ) In the following two sentences the word Nightingale (which belongs to the neuter gender) becomes feminine by referring to it as she, her. Personification in this case is also realized by some metaphorically employed words that accompany the considered noun such as to wonder, to understand, to think. As a result the image of a kind creature that is not indifferent to the grief of others is created: ? From her nest in the Holm-oak tree the Nightingale heard him, and she looked out through the leaves and wondered. But the Nightingale underst