Real Beauty Sketches Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Real Beauty Sketches - Assignment Example Repetitions can either be of identical or almost identical words. The phrase ‘Do you think you are more beautiful than you say† has been repeated severally in this film. The film also ends with a similar phrase, ‘you are more beautiful than you think’. Other words from this film, as used by the strangers depict the principle of binary opposition. Each woman describes themselves in a predominantly negative way. Strangers use different phrases such as ‘protruding jaw’, ‘big forehead’, and ‘rounder face’ to mean one and the same characteristic and to answer to the phrase ‘Tell me about your chin’. Some repetition within this film is essential to the theme of the campaign. ‘you are more beautiful than you think’ has been repeated severally to make it known to the women that they are more beautiful than they think, as depicted from the stranger's views.   The things we hear about us from other people may not be of any importance. Some women described their chin from what they were told for instance, ‘my mom told me I had a big jaw’.

Offshore Outsourcing and the Globalization of Australian Services Research Paper

Offshore Outsourcing and the Globalization of Australian Services - Research Paper Example The study will examine the affects of offshore outsourcing as an implication of the process of globalization on the Australian through the primary and secondary research. Liptrot suggests that â€Å"Globalization is not a phenomenon. It is not some passing trend. The present research has identified that today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it†. Another view of globalization is put forward by Porter who is of the opinion that â€Å"Globalization is much like fire. The fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize water, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy homes and forests in an instant†. Both of these definitions provide a newer view of globalization that is not restricted in any way. The paper tells that offshore outsourcing in Australia has remained in the spotlight for a few years now and the close ti es that Australian companies have with US-based companies serve as stimulants for offshore outsourcing in the region. The author has rightly presented that offshore outsourcing is expected to acquire momentum in Australia in the following years as globalization continues to have implications on industries around the world. While Australian has become well known for IT-based outsourcing, the region is steadily developing a reputation for outsourcing in more areas.

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare policies of past and present, explain how the quality of life for the service users have improved over time: P1.1: Identify key historical landmarks in social welfare, focusing on the period up to 1945: The Key historical landmarks in social welfare focusing 1945 period were: In 19th century it was the role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. And in early 20th century Liberalism and the foundations of British welfare, votes for women.Let us analyse the historical landmarks of Social welfare policies for a period of upto 1945. 1901 Seebohm Rowntrees first study of poverty in York, Poverty: a study of town life 1903 Charles Booths study of poverty in London, Life and Labour of the People of London (1906 1912) THE NEW LIBERALISM: To make people liberal in their living.It is said by Lloyd George that We will draw a line below which we will not allow people to live and labour 1906 School Meals Act 1908 Old Age Pensions Act: means-tested pensions from age 70 1909 The Peoples Budget: super tax introduced, child tax allowances introduced 1911 National Insurance Act: sickness insurance and limited provisions for unemployment (1913 -1941) CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT: It mainly focuses on dealing with problems individually.Beveridge Report goes this way: In all this change and development, each problem has been dealt with separately, with little or no reference to allied problems. 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: non-manual workers included. 1925 Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act: first national scheme of contributory pensions 1936 J.M. Keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1940 Old Age and Widows Pensions Act: pension age for women reduced from 65 to 60 (1942 1945) TOWARDS A BEVERIDGE WELFARE STATE: Contributing for the welfare of the people.Beveridge Report goes this way:It is, first and foremost, a plan of insurance of giving in return for contributions benefits up to subsistence level, as of right and without means test, so that individuals may build freely upon it. 1942 Sir William Beveridges Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services 1943 Juliet Rhys Williams work-tested Citizens Income The Beveridge Plan,will have the effect of undermining the will to work of the lower-paid workers to a probably serious and possibly dangerous degree. The prevention of want must be regarded as being the duty of the State to all its citizens, and not merely to a favoured few Family Allowances Act:  £0.25 a week for each child after the first. P1.2 Outline evolution of health and social care policies following World War II until 1979: This is the time during the war when the government got committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance. 1946 National Insurance Act:Has flat-rate NI benefits.Provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government . 1948 National Assistance Act: Poor Law got abolished 1955 Richard Titmuss Eleanor Rathbone Lecture on the Social Division of Welfare: The tax saving that accrues to the individual through income tax allowances is, in effect, a transfer payment 1959 National Insurance Act: graduated pensions got introduced 1962 Milton Friedmans Capitalism and Freedom includes negative income tax proposals 1965 Poverty rediscovered: The Poor and the Poorest, Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend 1966 Supplementary Benefit replaces National Assistance.Rate rebates got introduced. 1971 National insurance invalidity benefit got introduced.Family Income Supplement (FIS) introduced (and with it the poverty trap) 1972 Heath Governments Proposals for a tax-credit scheme.Tax credits become Conservative policy. First national scheme of rent rebates (and higher rents) 1975 Social Security Pensions Act: State Earnings-Related Pensions (SERPS). Earnings-related national insurance contributions introduced at 5.75% 1976 One-parent benefit got introduced 1978 Meade Report on The Structure and Reform of Direct Taxation includes a chapter on Social Dividend. SERPS gets implemented. 1977-79 Tax-free child benefit phased in, replacing taxable family allowance and child tax allowances. P1.3 Outline health and social care policies from 1979 to the present day: (1979 90) TOWARDS A RESIDUAL WELFARE STATE: It was said by Margaret Thatcher that We offered a complete change in direction. 1980 Social Security Acts 1 and 2: Instead of earnings pension upratings got linked to prices. Education Act: Local Education Authorities allowed to choose whether to provide school meals: fixed prices and national nutritional guidelines got abolished. 1982 National insurance contribution increased to 8.75%. Earnings-related supplements with national insurance unemployment and sickness benefit cease to operate. 1983 First official reference to Basic Income in the report of the Meacher sub-committee of the House of Commons Treasury Select Committee.National insurance contribution increased to 9%. National insurance sickness benefit replaced by statutory sick pay. Rent/rate rebates got replaced by housing benefit. 1984 Basic Income Research Group formed.Child dependency additions with national insurance unemployment benefit cease to operate. 1985 Norman Fowlers Social Security Review. Billed as the most fundamental since World War II, but did not examine integrated systems. 1986 Social Security Act: Three major Bills in one (Got effective from April 1988) 1987 National insurance maternity grant replaced by statutory maternity pay. Payment of half and three-quarter rate national insurance unemployment benefit ceases. 1988 Tax cuts and benefit cuts.Top rate of income tax down from 60% to 40%. Standard rate of income tax down from 27% to 25%.The withdrawal of income support from most 16-17 year olds.Cuts in housing benefits, SERPS and national insurance widows pensions. Maximum rate rebate limited to 80% of liability.Child benefit frozen.Income-tested Family Income Supplement replaced by means-tested Family Credit. Free school meals restricted to families on Income Support. 1989 Child benefit frozen.Abolition of pensioner earnings rule.Social Security Act introduces actively seeking work test. 1990 Liberal Democrats Conference votes for Citizens Income.Independent taxation of husbands and wives introduced, but with married couples allowance for husbands Child benefit still frozen. (1991 1996) CUTS AND TINKERING: Peter Lilley said,The changes I have announced today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system that does not discriminate against married couples, and which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. 1991 Child Support Act introduced.Benefits Agency established. Child benefit unfrozen. 1992 Disability living allowance replaces mobility allowance and attendance allowance for the under-65s. Disability working allowance introduced.Additional minor reforms of disability benefits. 1993 Peter Lilley launches sector by sector review of social security. 1994 Budget introduces welfare to work measures to ease transition into paid work and encourage full-time work.Introduction of child care allowance for certain parents claiming family credit and related benefits. 1995 Incapacity Benefit replaces Sickness Benefit and Invalidity Benefit.Phasing out of additional assistance for lone parents.Cuts in housing benefit for young people Pensions Act reforms occupational pensions, reduces value of SERPS, extends scope of personal pensions, and equalises pension age for women born after 5th April 1955 (with phasing in from 60 to 65 for those born after 5th April 1950). Cuts in housing benefit and in help with mortgage interest for income support claimants. 1996 Jobseekers allowance replaces unemployment benefit and income support for the unemployed.Contributory benefit is paid for 6 months instead of 12 and the level is reduced for 18-24 year olds.The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996, introduces restrictions on benefits, housing and employment for asylum applicants. (1997 2008) NEW LABOUR: Tony Blair said In future, welfare will be a hand-up not a hand-out 1997 Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister. First Labour government for 18 years. 1999 Family Credit replaced by Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) and Disabled Persons Tax Credit (DPTC).Winter fuel payments of  £100 per year for those aged 60 or over introduced. Payments are not means-tested. 2000 Benefit entitlement for new asylum seekers ends. 2001 Childrens Tax Credit introduced a tax allowance for those with children. Bereavement benefits reformed so that widowers as well as widows entitled to benefits when their spouses die. 2002 State Second Pension replaces SERPS. Carers and those with children under 6 become entitled to credits in accruing pension rights. 2003 Child Tax Credit (CTC) and Working Tax Credit (WTC) replace WFTC, DPTC and Childrens Tax Credit. Payment depends on a claimants annual income and is assessed annually unless there are certain changes of circumstances during the tax year.WTC includes payments for childcare but only up to 70% (later 80%) of the childcare costs and a maximum limit.9 out of 10 families with children qualify.Pension Credit introduced, replacing income support for people aged 60 or over.Guarantees a minimum income for pensioners and often paid to top up state retirement pension.Work-focused interviews for benefit claimants introduced. Claimants for certain benefits are required to participate in an interview with a personal adviser in order to meet entitlement conditions. 2005 Civil partnerships introduced for same-sex couples. Cohabiting same-sex couples treated in the same way as heterosexual couples for benefit purposes rather than as two individuals. 2006 The Governments White Paper Security in Retirement proposes an increasing retirement age, personal savings accounts, and a basic state pension uprated in line with earnings from 2012.Winter fuel payments increased to  £200 ( £300 for a person aged 80 or over). 2007 The House of Commons Work and Pensions Committees report on Benefits Simplification recommends a Single Working Age Benefits and publishes a costed Citizens Income Scheme in its evidence. 2008 Welfare Reform Act 2007 comes into force. As well as making minor changes to benefit legislation, it introduces a Local Housing Allowance to simplify Housing Benefit for privately rented tenants. The Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) replaces Incapacity Benefit and Income Support paid for new claimants on the basis of incapacity for work. Claimants face tougher tests before being granted ESA which also makes the benefit system even more complicated. M1.1: Analyse and express your views. Welfare services comprises of social security, which makes different provisions against disruption of earnings due to sickness, injury, old age or even unemployment. They take the forms of unemployment and sickness benefits, family allowances as well as income supplements that is being provided and financed through the insurance schemes of the government. During 1945,the government was committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, and introduced free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance.Family allowances, a national health service and full employment were the main considerations during that time.Many policies provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government. Another important aspect that needs to be considered for the social and health welfare in the UK is the social citizenship model.The issues regarding the social citizenship model was not a challenge in the anticipation of the emergence of the  Conservative Party leader in 1975 and the Prime Minister in 1979.  After 1975 the government actually promised low taxes, less state intervention, as well as lower levels of public spending. In the theory it involved, vital cuts in the welfare spending. But at present,policies reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives begin to take over the society with which we live in. D1.1: Critically compare and explain the facts: Upto 1945 Till 1975 At Present It deals with role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. Also dealt with free universal secondary education. Sickness was a primary cause of pauperism, and the Poor Law authorities began to develop infirmaries for sick people. It deals with policies regarding welfare state. Beveridge report is based on three assumptions:family allowances,health service,full employment.Other than this it was during this period the Insurance,Pensions,Tax credits,Family Income supplement etc was introduced as benefits to the common man. It deals with New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives,New Rights and Thatcherism.Also the changes done by Peter Lilley announced that today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work Task 2.1: Explain and analyse the process of key acts coming through the parliament to become the policy of the government. Explain in terms of Health and Social policy. Analyse the influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluate the impact on service users once an act becomes the policy/law. P2.1: Identify and analyse the processes involved in development of a key Act of Parliament: An Act of Parliament creates a new law or changes an existing law.Also Acts are Acts of Parliament which have been given Royal Assent. All Acts of Parliament start life as a Bill which must pass through Parliament. These must be distinguished from Private Members Bills which are Public Bills proposed by backbench MPs. Public Bills originate from a number of different sources.It may arise from government, civil service, government agencies, political parties, committees, enquiries, legislative process, green/white papers, debate.The Government decides whether or not to agree to these proposals and put them before Parliament. Once a department has decided that it wishes to ask Parliament to pass legislation on a certain topic, it will undergo a consultation process with interested parties. The extent of this process will differ depending on the complexity, importance and urgency of the matter. It may take many months or a few days. The first stage is often a consultation document calle d a Green Paper which sets out in general terms what the Government is seeking to do and asks for views. Once these are received and taken account of (or not) the Government will produce a White Paper, which sets out the proposals decided upon and the reasons for the legislation. These two stages may be contracted into one.These stages are not fixed by formal rules and are subject to change. For example, it is increasingly common for draft Bills to be drawn up and circulated for consultation before being formally laid before Parliament, an example being the Mental Health Bill 2002. Occasionally Bills are scrutinised by the Parliament.In terms of Health Social department ,health policy is a set course of action (or inaction) undertaken by governments or health care organizations to obtain a desired health outcome.The overall health care system, including the public and private sectors, and the political forces that affect that system are shaped by the health care, policy-making proc ess. Public health-related policies come from local, state, or federal legislation, regulations, and/or court rulings which govern the provision of health care services. Nurses are very familiar with institutional policies including those developed and implemented by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Policy making takes place in a wide variety of settings ranging from fairly open and public systems. The location of decision making in the public or the private sector, the scope of the issue, and the nature of the policy all have an impact on the characteristics of a policy. Since a basic understanding of the policy process is the first step in strategizing how to activate potential power and influence meaningful changes in the health care system, We will discuss the three phases of policy making. Basically there are three phases of policy making: the formulation phase, the implementation phase, and the evaluation phase. During the formulation phase th ere is input of information, ideas, and research from key people, organizations, and interest groups. At this point the issue is framed; the purpose and desired outcomes are clearly identified strategies most appropriate to the desired outcome are selected; and needed resources are identified and planned. The implementation phase involves disseminating information about the adopted policy and putting the policy into action. In this phase, the proposed policy is transformed into a plan of action. The policy process also includes an evaluation and modification phase when existing policies are revisited and may be amended or rewritten to adjust to changing circumstances. P2.2: Analyse the factors that influenced the key themes and concepts in the Act: Health depends on a number of factors, including biological factors, environmental factors, nutrition, and the standard of living.The main factors currently affecting peoples health in the United Kingdom include smoking, bad diets, alcohol, and lack of exercise. While the British government has worked to reduce the influence of these factors, only the people themselves can put an end to them by changing their attitudes toward health.Apart from these many other factors act as influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluation and evidence are not the only factors that influence policy making and service delivery.The experience, expertise and judgement of policy makers, and those people who have responsibility for planning and delivering policies and public services, are important factors in the policy making process. So too are the finite resources that are available for policies, programmes and projects.The values and value system within which contemporary politics take place are also contributory factors to the policy making process.This includes beliefs, ideologies, and party manifesto commitments. Policy making also involves habitual and traditional ways of doing things that may sometimes defy rational explanation yet nonetheless exist and often define what can and cannot be done in making and implementing policy. The influence of lobbyists and pressure groups on policy making also paves an important way to reach the target. The policy making process can be strongly affected by unforeseen circumstances and contingencies, the response to which can sometimes be opportunistic rathe r than well thought through, soundly evaluated, and evidence based. P2.3: Evaluate the impact of the Act on service users: Generally, as the function of health and social care, it can be concluded as a body which provide services that relates to care services but the two bodies are separated in term of governing, policies, act, and so on. The UK government are concerned with the separation of social and health care. Because of the separation, it cause a major problem such as service fragmentation, higher cost of treatment and problem in continuing care after discharge from the hospital.Reflecting to this problem, the UK government has put a priority in integrating these two entities.The Govt organization can ensure better benefits to service users by having benefits to: Strategies for health promotion Health and safety Manual handling Data protection Food handling Care practice Mental health Children Disability Task 2.2: M2.1: Critically analyse and explain how political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people. Also political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people.Political leaders introducing few other acts to make key improvements in parliamentary acts.They were: Health Act 2009: It proposed measures to improve the quality of NHS care, the performance of NHS services, and to improve public health.   Health and Social Care Act 2008: It contains significant measures to modernise and integrate health and social care. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007: It is an Act to make provision, with respect to local government and the functions and procedures of local authorities and certain other authorities; with respect to persons with functions of inspection and audit in relation to local government; to establish the Valuation Tribunal for England; in connection with local involvement networks; to abolish Patients Forums and the Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health; with respect to local consultation in connection with health services. Health Act 2006: It is an Act to make provision for the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold; to make provision in relation to the prevention and control of health care infections; to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs; to make provision in relation to the supervision of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises, and about orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999; to make further provision about the National Health Service in England and Wales and about the recovery of National Health Service costs. Task 2.3 D2.1 Critically explain and analyse how person centred care could be improved for the service users with the on-going policy changes from the government. Why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament? Most major public policies are subject to modifications in a incremental fashion. Making smaller changes in existing policies are usually less controversial than making major changes as they require less understanding of comprehensive relationships and less effort to achieve. An example of incrementalism in health policy can be seen in the many changes that the Medicare Program has undergone since its enactment in 1965. A change to the program of importance to advanced practice registered nurses came in 1998, when the U.S. Congress added nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists as providers who can bill for Part B services they provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Since then, Congress has tweaked Medicare program many times and added a number of preventive services to the Medicare program. Most recently Medicare Part D, an optional prescription drug program available for Medicare beneficiaries, has been added. If we think about why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament,the Govt is actually responsible for.That needs to be understood first. As any health care issue moves through the phases of the policy process, from a proposal to an actual program that can be enacted, implemented, and evaluated, the policy process is impacted by the preferences and influences of elected officials, other individuals, organizations, and special interest groups. These different factions do not necessarily view the issue through the same lens and often have diverse and competing interests. Added into the mix are the partisan agendas of the two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.The political party holding the majority usually has the political advantage.Decision makers rely mainly on the political process as a way to find a course of action that i s acceptable to the various individuals with conflicting proposals, demands, and values.As a general rule, any policy involving major change, significant costs, or controversy will be relatively more time consuming and difficult to achieve and will require the use of more political skills and influence than will policies involving less complex changes. Throughout our daily lives, politics determines who gets what, when, and how. Political interactions take place when people get involved in the process of making decisions, making compromises, and taking actions that determine who gets what in the health care system. Special interest groups and individuals with a stake in the fate of a health care policy use all kinds of influencing, communication, negotiation, conflict management, critical thinking, and problem solving skills in the political arena to obtain their desired outcome. Task 3.1. Explain the current policy initiatives in Health and Social Care and evaluate the impact on service users. Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives. P3.1: Identify current policy initiatives in all health and social care. The Department of Health social care works to define policy and guidance for delivering a social care system that provides care equally for all, whilst enabling people to retain their independence, control and dignity.Government strategies and policies aimed at providing a broad range of health care services and facilities.Other current initiatives include complementary health settings, or public health arenas,with children, older people or those with disabilities.Apart from these initiatives there are also few that act as policy initiatives in all health Social care facilities.They are disability,gender, ethnic issues, community care,poverty and social security, crime and criminal justice, health and health services. For promoting health the initiatives that need to be taken are labelling regulations to inform consumers of nutritional content of foods,Educational campaigns to promote healthy diets and special programmes targeted to children,Promotion of consumption of fruits and v egetables for the general population,Fruit and Vegetable distribution programmes for school children.Also there is a chance where there will be multi-agency partnerships that creates many job opportunities in line with government initiatives to address health improvement, health inequalities and social exclusion, the health of children, young people and families, care and wellbeing of older people, those suffering from mental health problems and community development.This inturn gave rise to increased employment opportunities in these Health Social care.Child social care, like many public services is under pressure to make financial savings, greater use of resources and effective working practices are essential if the sector is to continue delivering high quality care.Other Initiatives may be Employee related initiatives: Increasing skills employability of unemployed people,working Family tax credit,National Minimum wage Area Focused initiatives: Health focused zones Initiatives to tackle social exclusion:National Strategy for Neighbourhood renewal (Hunter, 2003,58) P3.2: Evaluate the impact of these policy initiatives on service users The United Kingdom Government uses a wide range of evaluation methods to ensure that policies, programmes and public services are planned and delivered as effectively and efficiently as possible to the service users.A major driving force for high quality policy evaluation in U.K. is the Governments commitment to evidence-based policy making. This requires policy makers, and those who implement policies, to utilise the best available evidence from national statistics, academic research, economic theory, pilots, evaluations of past policies,commissioned research and systematic consultation with delivery agents.The Governments strategy for public spending and taxation also provides the context within which policy evaluation takes place in the U.K. The UK Government has undertaken, and is currently undertaking, a number of randomised controlled trials of policy initiatives. In the field of labour market and welfare policy, the Restart evaluation (1990) randomly allocated unemployed people to a compulsory major interview at 6 months unemployment to see if this had the effect of successfully reintroducing them to the labour market. This is one of the largest and best-known randomised controlled trials in U.K and it established a clear and positive impact on exits from unemployment with lasting effects still. P3.3: Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives The social healthcare policy initiatives emerged as a distint area in the UK in the early 20th century.To make a civilized society by provision of welfare benefits to the citizens ,irrespective of their ability to pay for them and aim for universal health service,pensions state education. In USA health care is been controlled by private occupational insurance schemes with the state playing no part.It is the same with Japan. In Western Europe there are health care systems that are run by both private state run insurance schemes. In wales it maintains the patient centered focus and answerable to all citizens of the state.Also it involves the communities in the development of the policies for healthcare. So many health problems are prevented before they start of. In Scotland the plan is an contract between the government the individual citizen. The English policy is straightforward.It ensures commitment to improve the health service rather than the policy itself.It is a contract between govt,service the customer. In Welsh document it is based on the notions of community enhancement community capacity building.But it is absent in English Scotland documents(Adams, Robinson, 2002:63-65). Task 3.2 (M3.1): Critically analyse the contemporary policy developments in Health and Social Care. How would you expect these policies could improve quality of life of your service users under your care at a facility? The policies can improve the life of the service users by participating in the interest groups,such as patient organizations.And it paves the way for influencing healthcare as a representative in parliamentary system.Participating in public hearing processes,participating as members in publicly appointed boards councils. Task 3.3 (D3.1):<

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Suicide Death Essays

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide ABSTRACT: Helping people to die may involve killing and/or alleviation of pain in a dying person. A dual commitment to the avoidance of killing and the alleviation of pain raises the question of whether these two ways of helping people are always compatible. This paper addresses the question through use of sources in classical American pragmatism and contemporary bioethics. First, I apply Charles Peirce’s notion of pragmatism to the concept of killing through consideration of the empirical consequences of alternative interpretations. James Rachels’ account of the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is critiqued in this analysis. Second, I examine what it means to relieve pain by relating Jane Addams’ concept of maternal nurturance to an ethic of care and opposition to killing. Utilizing these concepts, I apply William James’ notion of pragmatism as a method of mediating or straddling different theoretical approaches to resolve the apparent in compatibility between pain relief and the avoidance of killing. To address social concerns raised by the practice of helping people to die, I propose a corrective insight of Addams, along with John Dewey, about the role of the philosopher as social critic. Thus understood, pragmatism is a means of avoiding abuses that may occur in the process. I conclude that so long as permissive practices are restrained sufficiently to avoid injustices, it is morally both possible and desirable to resist killing while relieving pain. Here is the doubt that triggers my inquiry: I have two beliefs that are apparently at odds. The first is that we should never kill; the second, that we should always attempt to alleviate pain. The apparent conflict between these beliefs arises from the fact that death may constitute the ultimate pain relief. Certain caveats attach to both beliefs. For example, killing in self-defense or to save others’ lives is acceptable, (1) and inflicting pain through medical interventions in order to cure or restore function is also acceptable. (2) In general, however, both beliefs dispose me, as Peirce would put it, (3) to distinct plans or habits of action: avoidance of killing and provision of pain relief. In health care, the commitment never to kill implies that euthanasia is wrong, and the commitment to alleviate pain demands actions that may hasten the dying process. The question that arises from these two commitments is whether both can be sustained simultaneously. Can I always and in every case avoid killing and alleviate pain?

Miami Beach: An Ideal Place for Vacation

Leisure activities are those things done by anyone voluntarily, during the time that he has no work. It is depicted as diversions or change of activity.They may be play activities for the youth and diversion for the adult. Furthermore, they may be worthwhile physically, intellectually, socially, and spiritually to those who voluntarily participate in them. Or they may simply be pleasant and relaxing, as their idea of recreation.In doing his duties, an individual sometimes wonders how easily things come into place and unfold before him effortlessly. Yet at other times, he is surprised why he fails to do well, no matter how he attempts to do the best of his ability.This is, perhaps, because he needs to go out of his â€Å"box† once in a while to change his routine. Energizing breaks after a day   of work help one loosen up. As they say, â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.†Hence, some people would love nothing more than taking a vacation for their recreatio n. One of the best places for vacation is Miami Beach. It is a myriad of hotels, beautiful people, and nature in its finest form.Some popular hotels in Miami Beach are Sagamore Hotel, Hotel of South Beach,and The Setai. For attractions, it has Deep Sea Fishing-Reward Fleet, Holocaust Memorial, art Deco Historic District, Bass Museum of Art, Wolfsonian, and many more.In Miami Beach, certain types of leisure activities appeal to different types of people, and all of that can be experienced in this elegant and magnificent place. Family-oriented individuals can take their family with them to have some bonding. The whole family can enjoy , discover and explore the beauty of living.To nature lovers, they can enjoy the refreshing waters and warm skies caressing you as you experience fishing, boating, cruising, sunbathing and sight-seeing like you never experienced them before. Art lovers may seek escape at the landscapes and the formation of waves that touches the beach. Even walking on th e beach, or sipping your coffee near the body of water, brings enjoyment and fulfillment for them.Furthermore, their stay on Miami Beach can be more fruitful, and enriching by interacting with their family. Having worthwhile endeavors with your loved ones strengthens family ties. And with the right choice of place, Miami Beach becomes the haven of the family's wholeness.Look around and have pleasure learning things that you never knew you were able to do, like spending quality time with your sweetheart, or other family members. We will never know what will happen next in our lives, so let us enjoy the gift of life. Only on the light of happiness that one can be fulfilled, and staying in this place makes it worth it.Leisure is a way of life and Miami Beach is the place to live it. With all the waves and pristine waters, one can experience a paradise on earth.Works Citedâ€Å"Miami Beach†. 2007. Yahoo Travel. 19 December 2007 .

Essay On Green Essay

If we judge the colour green from the colour psychology perspective, we learn that green balances the heart and emotions and thus create the equilibrium in heart and brain. From the meaning of colour perspective, green is the symbol of growth, colour of spring and symbolizes renewal and rebirth. It is the sanctuary away from the complexity and stresses of the modern lives and the tranquility of the calm, fresh and greener area. I have my wall painted in green colour and it is generally believed that green is an eye friendly colour unlike red. The mild green colour is a popular colour which does not look too violent or too dull. I liked this colour even in my childhood and that I can be sure from the dominant green usages in my childhood paints. My teachers sometimes laughed at my weakness on green colour when I painted a green sun and green moon. I still remember I pained a green alien and that painting became very famous among our friends. I am not quite sure how my fascination started growing on green colour but I guess I started liking this colour as I had spent my childhood in an area where green was the most dominating colour. This was the colour of nature and I was surrounded by the beauty of nature. I noticed in my childhood that green is the colour for living and yellow and red means dying, specifically for the trees and plants I had. May be this idea influenced my preference of colour. May be this choice is not directly related to any of my experience and reflected in a later stage as part of my individuality and personal preference. Whatever is the reason, I guess Green is a colour of profound importance and is my favourite colour.

Jesus Christ Came To Earth From Heaven Religion Essay Example

Jesus Christ Came To Earth From Heaven Religion Essay Example Jesus Christ Came To Earth From Heaven Religion Essay Jesus Christ Came To Earth From Heaven Religion Essay More than 1900 old ages ago, on the Judaic province Israel Jewish religious orders in Bethlehem, Jesus Christ came to earth from heaven. This is the beginning of the twelvemonth. The Christianity had non been built until Jesus had non been crucified on the Cross and brought back to life. Soon, Christianity spread from its beginnings as a first century Jewish religious order, to a faith of the whole Hellenic and Roman universe. It spread really fast at the Roman Empire even it was suppressed the persecution at that minute. Around A.C.380, Christianity became the Roman Empire national faith. It expanded throughout the universe bit by bit and became the biggest faith in our universe today. After about 2000 old ages developing, the Christianity has produced some different spiritual subdivisions, the biggest three spiritual religious orders are the Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Main Concepts/belief systems Christianity is a faith based upon believes God and nowadayss Jesus for Saviour s universe. The Founder of Christianity is Jesus. Jesus is the boy of God, Jehovah, who was born in Nazareth in Galilee in northern Palestine, the female parent is Maria and his male parent is Joseph. When Jesus grew up, Jesus led Peter, John and other adherents, prophesying the Gospel everyplace. eˆÂ ¶c?cs„a? e?a?e µÃ‚ ·a?† cS?a ¤?e? µ?-?a’?c? ­a?cs„?†¦?i?a »-a »Ã‚ ¬? ¶a? °a?† eˆÂ ¶c?cs„e-?a?’cS?a ¤Ã‚ §i?SSeˆÂ ¶c?e’†°? ­Ã‚ »a?a?† a?a ­-?z ¶a?Saˆ‚ Jesus sermon caused terror in the Judaic Lords and priests. They crucified Jesus on the cross. a?† a?†°a ¤Ã‚ ©a »?a?Zi?eˆÂ ¶c?a ¤? »i?a?e-?a?’a’?c? ¤a?-?cZ °c?ze?i?e ¦? ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡a »-a »Ã‚ ¬a?†º?a?†ºcs„e?a†º?a† Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a ®?e ®?c ¦?eY?aˆ‚ However, three yearss afte r, Jesus resurrected. He asked his adherents to demo miracles to the people. From so on, Christianity is born. Now, Christianity is the biggest faith in our universe, about 2 billion people believe Jesus, it is about a 3rd of the universe s population. The lone enchiridion for Christians is the Bible. The content in the Bible are the narratives about God s enlightenment. It revaluates the Christian religion and life. It is ageless truth for the Christians. Bible is divided into two parts: New Testament and Old Testament. Old Testament was originally a Judaic Bible. Different from the position of Judaism, Jesus made certain facets of his ain and made an account on them. This became an of import footing for their beliefs. aY?c?â„ ¢cs„?â„ ¢a?†°a?a?’c?a?a? ¤a?a ­ a?sc? ± aˆ‚Christian philosophy can be summed up in one word love. In the eyes of Jesus, love is divided into two facets: love God and love others as yourself. Christianity is a rigorous faith. It merely recognized that Jehovah God is the highest God. God dwelling of three incorporate and distinguishable individuals: Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Christianity is against polytheism and idol worship. It is besides against the spiritual life of the ruddy tape and grandstanding. There are several basic credos for the Christian as chap. First, Christian believe Decalogue, it described 10 of import things that Christian can non make. Second, Christian accepts the theory of Trinity. This is one of Christianity s basic credos. They believe there is merely one God in the word, but God has three different place criterions. It is Saint Father, Saint Jesus, and Holy Ghost. Third, Christian believes the Original Sin. This theory is the foundation of Christianity moralss and moral. Christian believe homo have sin since birth because their ascendant Adam and Eve have sin. Human can non salvage themselves ; they need Jesus Christ s redeeming. Last, Christian besides believe eternal of life, heaven, snake pit, and Judgement Day. Ritual of Christianity The rite of Christianity is changing from denomination, church and single Christian, but we still can happen some common ritual for most of the Christian. Most of Christian goes to Church on Sunday to idolize the God. The Worship general includes three parts: vocalizing, supplication and a discourse. At place, most of Christian prays before the dinner. They besides read the Bible on a regular basis. Another of import rite of Christianity is Baptism. Almost all Christians have been baptized. The Baptism is ritual that people decides to acquire right with God, portion of the outward mark of accepting Jesus as their Jesus. The intent of Baptism is taking ritual dirtiness, rinsing off of wickedness. Communion besides is another really of import portion of Christianity. In Christianity, the basic significance of the term Communion is an particularly close relationship of Christians, as persons or as a Church, with God and with other Christians. The Baptism and Communion are regard as sacred rites instituted by Christ. The symbol of Christianity Symbols are widely applied in Christianity. Hundreds of Symbols are used in all sorts of Christianity juncture. The well-know symbols are Cross, Ichthys, Peacock, Dove, and so on. Each symbol has its ain narrative and different use. The Cross, for illustration, is the most popular symbol which used in Christianity. We can really easy happen Cross in every Church. Christian believes Jesus was crucified on the cross, so the cross has become the centre of Christianity. Now, beside churches, the Cross can be found on many things like necklaces, key ironss, and rings. Peoples can demo their worship anyplace through the Cross. They besides believe Cross can protect them from the immorality and convey fortune to them. The uses of symbols in Christianity are changing from occasions. In Baptism procedure, for case, different symbols in this procedure have different significance. Water in the Baptism means purify and cleaning. It symbolizes the cleaning of the psyche from wickedness. Seashell is a symbol of administrating Baptism. Dove in Baptism represents the Holy Spirit. There are some interesting symbols related to the Christianity, such as Christmas tree, Easter egg and Halloween Jack O lanterns. They bring felicity to the people particularly to the childs. Who am I? Why am I here? Where am I traveling? Why must we endure? Who am I? Most people have asked this inquiry. There are many replies, such as I am a human being. I am a Canadian. I am a Christian. Before we answer this inquiry, we should see another inquiry Where are we come from? For Atheistic Worldview, human being is a consequence of development. Life s merely an accident, cipher designs and makes it. People serve no intent. But on the position of Christian, they believe God made the human. God proceeded to make the adult male in his image, in God s image he created him ; male and female he created them. GENESIS 1:27. So we understanding human is made by God, the replies for Who am I should be I am a boy of God. God made us and desire us to hold a relation with him. This besides the reply Why I am here? Having a relationship with Jesus and worship to the Lord is the intent of Christian s life. Christian knows the life the beginning, and purpose. Because they believe homo was redeemed by Christ, people s organic structure and the psyche are belonging to God. Regardless unrecorded or die, people need return their glorification to the host. Second, a Christian can non work merely for himself/herself, his/her household or the society. He/she should work for the God, make relationship with God and be joyful with God. Third, people must follow the God the edict. At the terminal, when people go to decease, they will confront the opinion made by the God, to make up ones mind where they should travel, heaven or snake pit. Another interesting inquiry is why people should endure. When we look around the universe, we can see the wars, natural catastrophes anyplace. For illustration, from get downing of this twelvemonth, there are two major temblors happened in Haiti and Chile, it took 100s 1000s of people s life. Countless people suffered in these catastrophes. They lost their household members, friends. They have no nutrient, H2O and medicative drugs. When these things happened, people will reason where the God is. If God is truly exist, why he does non rescue people who suffers on the Earth. The one ground for that is world has been imperfect and iniquitous of all time since the rebellion in the Garden of Eden. Iniquitous worlds tend to fight for laterality, and these consequence in wars and enduring. But the chief ground for the agony is that the whole universe is lying in the power of the wicked 1. ( 1 John 5:19 ) . By governing with Sadan, people have no protection from the God, agony is inevitable. Purpose of decease, View of the end-times Christians lives are guided by the Bible. Peoples will decease because they affected by wickedness ( Genersis 2:17 ; Romanas 5 ) . There is a clip to be born and a clip to decease ( Ecclesiastes 3:2 ) . But decease is non the concluding portion for the life. Christians believe there is life after decease. Death is a procedure for people to do a judgement by Jesus and it is a start point for the life after decease. Christians believe there is heaven and snake pit after decease. Good individual will travel to heaven and bad cat will travel hell, the justice is Jesus. Christian besides believes there is an End Time existed on some yearss in the hereafter. Before the End Time , people will endure from Antichrist, war, hungry, nature catastrophe, and Human Ethics Decadence. When the End Time is coming, everything will be destroyed. Finally, Jesus will come back, justice good and bed, and save people from the agony. This procedure can non be changed and will go on shortly. Factors impacting chosen faith today including tendencies To choose a faith is a really serious thing. Through chosen a faith, people will put their beliefs. A batch of factors will act upon people s pick. I believe the most of import factors for faith pick are the living part. Nowadays, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam are three chief faith in the universe. Christians spread over West states. Buddhism is focus on East Asia. The Muslin is in Middle East and Africa. Pakistan, for case, 97 % people believe Islam. When the kids born, they are Muslin ; they have no more opportunities to take another faith. The other of import fact for spiritual pick is the household spiritual background. The Children will be educated to believe Jesus when he or she born in a Christian household. This will act upon kids s belief when he or she grows up. These sorts of narratives will go on both in Buddhism and Islam household. With development of scientific discipline and engineering, people have more agencies to acquire information. This besides a fact affects people s faith picks. By utilizing of Internet, People can remain at place to seek all sorts of spiritual information online. This will assist people make a determination to take a right faith. By the manner, Internet besides helps people to understand other faith cognition. Let them cognize that each faith may reflect some portion of truth of the existence. High engineering can assist people to unify all faiths together and force the Pluralism goes frontward.

Common Psychology Words Based on Greek or Latin Roots

Common Psychology Words Based on Greek or Latin Roots The following words are or have been used in the modern science of psychology: habit, hypnotism, hysteria, extraversion, dyslexia, acrophobic, anorexia, delude, moron, imbecile, schizophrenia, and frustration. They come from either Greek or Latin, but not both, since I have tried to avoid words that combine Greek and Latin, a formation that some refer to as a hybrid classical compound.   Twelve Words With Latin Roots 1. Habit comes from the second conjugation Latin verb habeÃ… , habÄ“re, habuÄ «, habitum to hold, possess, have, handle. 2. Hypnotism comes from the Greek noun á ½â€˜Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š sleep. Hypnos was also the god of sleep. In The Odyssey Book XIV Hera promises Hypnos one of the Graces as a wife in exchange for putting her husband, Zeus, to sleep. People who are hypnotized seem to be in a trance resembling sleep walking. 3. Hysteria comes from the Greek noun á ½â€˜ÃÆ'Ï„Î ­Ã ÃŽ ± womb. The idea from the Hippocratic corpus was that hysteria was caused by the wandering of the womb. Needless to say, hysteria was associated with women. 4. Extraversion comes from the Latin for outside extra- plus a Latin third conjugation verb meaning to turn, vertÃ… , vertere, vertÄ «, versum. Extraversion is defined as the act of directing ones interest outside oneself. It is the opposite of Introversion where interest is focused within. Intro- means inside, in Latin. 5. Dyslexia comes from two Greek words, one for ill or bad, ÃŽ ´Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'- and one for word, ÃŽ »ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š. Dyslexia is a learning disability. 6. Acrophobia is built from two Greek words. The first part is ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ºÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š, the Greek for top, and the second part is from the Greek φÏÅ'ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š, fear. Acrophobia is a fear of heights. 7. Anorexia, as in anorexia nervosa, is used to describe someone who doesnt eat, but can simply refer to someone with a decreased appetite, as the Greek word would indicate. Anorexia comes from the Greek for longing or appetite, ÏÅ'Ï ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·. The beginning of the word an- is an alpha privative that simply serves to negate, so instead of longing, there is a lack of longing. Alpha refers to the letter a, not an. The -n- separates the two vowels. Had the word for appetite begun with a consonant, the alpha privative would have been a-. 8. Delude comes from the Latin de- meaning down or away from, plus the verb lÃ… «dÃ… , lÃ… «dere, lÃ… «sÄ «, lÃ… «sum, meaning play or mimic. Delude means to deceive. A delusion is a firmly held false belief. 9. Moron used to be a psychological term for someone who was mentally retarded. It comes from the Greek ÃŽ ¼Ãâ€°Ã ÃÅ'Ï‚ meaning foolish or dull. 10. Imbecile comes from the Latin imbecillus, meaning weak and referring to physical weakness. In psychological terms, imbecile refers to someone who is mentally weak or retarded. 11. Schizophrenia comes from two Greek words. The first part of the English term comes from the Greek verb ÏÆ'χÎ ¯ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½, to split, and the second from φÏ ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ½, mind. It, therefore, means splitting of the mind  but is a complicated mental disorder that is not the same as a split personality. Personality comes from the Latin word for mask, persona, indicating the character behind the dramatic mask: in other words, person. 12. Frustration is the final word on this list. It comes from a Latin adverb meaning in vain: frustra. It refers to the emotion one may have when thwarted.

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay Example for Free

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay ? I have been searching for many years for the Holy Grail of interactive learning, a distinction between collaborative and cooperative learning definitions. I am getting closer to my elusive goal all the time but I am still not completely satisfied with my perception of the two concepts. I believe my confusion arises when I look at processes associated with each concept and see some overlap or inter-concept usage. I will make a humble attempt to clarify this question by presenting my definitions and reviewing those of other authors who have helped clarify my thinking. Collaboration is a philosophy of interaction and personal lifestyle whereas cooperation is a structure of interaction designed to facilitate the accomplishment of an end product or goal. Collaborative learning (CL) is a personal philosophy, not just a classroom technique. In all situations where people come together in groups, it suggests a way of dealing with people which respects and highlights individual group members’ abilities and contributions. There is a sharing of authority and acceptance of responsibility among group members for the groups actions. The underlying premise of collaborative learning is based upon consensus building through cooperation by group members, in contrast to competition in which individuals best other group members. CL practitioners apply this philosophy in the classroom, at committee meetings, with community groups, within their families and generally as a way of living with and dealing with other people. Cooperative learning is defined by a set of processes which help people interact together in order to accomplish a specific goal or develop an end product which is usually content specific. It is more directive than a collaboratve system of governance and closely controlled by the teacher. While there are many mechanisms for group analysis and introspection the fundamental approach is teacher centered whereas collaborative learning is more student centered. Spencer Kagan in an article in Educational Leadership (Dec/Jan 1989/1990) provides an excellent definition of cooperative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. His definition provides an unbrella for the work cooperative learning specialists including he Johnsons, Slavin, Cooper, Graves and Graves, Millis, etc. It follows below: â€Å"The structural approach to cooperative learning is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures, or content-free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. Structures usually involve a series of steps, with proscribed behavior at each step. An important cornerstone of the approach is the distinction bet ween â€Å"structures† and â€Å"activities†. â€Å"To illustrate, teachers can design many excellent cooperative activities, such as making a team mural or a quilt. Such activities almost always have a specific content-bound objective and thus cannot be used to deliver a range of academic content. Structures may be used repeatedly with almost any subject matter, at a wide range of grade levels and at various points in a lesson plan. † John Myers (Cooperative Learning vol 11 #4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of â€Å"collaboration†, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together; the root word for â€Å"cooperation† stresses the product of such work. Co-operative learning has largely American roots from the philosophical writings of John Dewey stressing the social nature of learning and the work on group dynamics by Kurt Lewin. Collaborative learning has British roots, based on the work of English teachers exploring ways to help students respond to literature by taking a more active role in their own learning. The cooperative learning tradition tends to use quantitative methods which look at achievement: i. e. , the product of learning. The collaborative tradition takes a more qualitative approach, analyzing student talk in response to a piece of literature or a primary source in history. Myers points out some differences between the two concepts: â€Å"Supporters of co-operative learning tend to be more teacher-centered, for example when forming heterogeneous groups, structuring positive inter- dependence, and teaching co-operative skills. Collaborative learning advocates distrust structure and allow students more say if forming friendhip and interest groups. Student talk is stressed as a means for working things out. Discovery and contextural approaches are used to teach interpersonal skills. † â€Å"Such differences can lead to disagreements†¦. I contend the dispute is not about research, but more about the morality of what should happen in the schools. Beliefs as to whast should happen in the schools can be viewed as a continuum of orientations toward curriculum from â€Å"transmission† to â€Å"transaction† to â€Å"transmission†. At one end is the transmission position. As the name suggests, the aim of this orientation is to transmit knowledge to students in the form of facts, skills and values. The transformation position at the other end of the continuum stresses personal and social change in which the person is said to be interrelated with the environment rather than having control over it. The aim of this orientation is self-actualization, personal or organizational change. † Rocky Rockwood (National Teaching and Learning Forum vol 4 #6, 1995 part 1) describes the differences by acknowledging the parallels they both have in that they both use groups, both assign specific tasks, and both have the groups share and compare their procedures and conclusions in plenary class sessions. The major difference lies in the fact that cooperative deals exclusively with traditional (canonical) knowledge while collaborative ties into the social constructivist movement, asserting that both knowledge and authority of knowledge have changed dramatically in the last century. â€Å"The result has been a transition from â€Å"foundational (cognitive) understanding of knowledge†, to a nonfoundational ground where â€Å"we understand knowledge to be a social construct and learning a social process† (Brufee, Collaborative learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge, 1993). Rockwood states: â€Å"In the ideal collaborative environment, the authority for testing and determining the appropriateness of the group product rests with, first, the small group, second, the plenary group (the whole class) and finally (but always understood to be subject to challenge and revision) the requisite knowledge community (i. e. the discipline: geography, history, biology etc. ) The concept of non- foundational knowledge challenges not only the product acquired, but also the process employed in the acquisition of foundational knowledge. â€Å"Most importantly, in cooperative, the authority remains with the instructor, who retains ownership of the task, which involves either a closed or a closable (that is to say foundational) problem ( the instructor knows or can predict the answer). In collaborative, the instructor–once the task is set– transfers all authority to the group. In the ideal, the group’s task is always open ended. † â€Å"Seen fr om this perspective, cooperative does not empower students. It employs them to serve the instructor’s ends and produces a â€Å"right† or acceptable answer. Collaborative does truly empower and braves all the risks of empowerment (for example, having the group or class agree to an embarrassingly simplistic or unconvincing position or produce a solution in conflict with the instructor’s). † â€Å"Every person, Brufee holds, belongs to several â€Å"interpretative or knowledge communities† that share vocabularies, points of view, histories, values, conventions and interests. The job of the instructor id to help students learn to negotiate the boundaries between the communities they already belong to and the community represented by the teacher’s academic discipline, which the students want to join. Every knowledge community has a core of foundational knowledge that its members consider as given (but not necessarily absolute). To function independently within a knowledge community, the fledgling scholar must master enough material to become conversant with the community. † Rockwood concludes: In my teaching experience, cooperative represents the best means to approach mastery of foundational knowledge. Once students become reasonably conversant, they are ready for collaborative, ready to discuss and assess,†¦. † Myers suggests use of the â€Å"transaction† orientation as a compromise between taking hard positions advocating either methodology. â€Å"This orientation views education as a dialogue between the student and the curriculum. Students are viewed as problem solvers. Problem solving and inquiry approaches stressing cognitive skills and the ideas of Vygotsky, Piaget, Kohlberg and Bruner are linked to transaction. This perspective views teaching as a â€Å"conversation† in which teachers and students learn together through a process of negotiation with the curriculum to develop a shared view of the world. † It is clear to me that in undertaking the exercize of defining differences between the two ideas we run the risk of polarizing the educational community into a we versus them mentality. There are so many benefits which acrue from both ideas that it would be a shame to lose any advantage gained from the student-student-teacher interactions created by both methods. We must be careful to avoid a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to education paradigms. As a final thought, I think it behooves teachers to educate themselves about the myriad of techniques and philosophies which create interactive environments where students take more responsibility for their own learning and that of their peers. Then it will become possible to pick and chose those methods which best fit a particular educational goal or community of learners. A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning. (2017, Mar 13).

The Controversial Classic of Huckleberry Finn Essay

The Controversial Classic of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example The book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has always been a controversial topic of discussion, due to its content. Its content includes a story of a young boy, Huck, which helps his slave friend, Jim, to escape to the North to gain his freedom during the 1830s in the United States. Although Huck is very young, he grew up to that age in a slave society, which consequently leads him to be racist towards other slaves. His racism is seen throughout the novel and is also the main reason the book is so controversial. The racism in the book to some extent encourages a motivation to use the n-word. Many articles about this book suggest that the book should be taught for several reasons. They suggest the book should be taught due to the viewpoint it gives on slavery or the fact that this book was purely a recitation of the radical and unjust events which took place in the South during the period of slavery and therefore, is historically accurate. These arguments do come off as logical, ye t they are insufficient. The damage this book inflicts to black students being taught Huck Finn is very crucial. Black students will experience the pain of the word "nigger" throughout this unit even if it is not applied to them directly. Huck Finn should not be taught due to a multitude of reasons such as its excessive use of derogatory terms, teachers' inability to teach Huck Finn in a multiracial classroom without creating an unjust situation for black students, and due to the better alternative books about this time era.

Perestroika Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perestroika - Essay Example The development of strategic plans worldwide is based on specific criteria. Most usually, the targets set have to be feasible – in terms of the resources and the time required – while the potential failures need to be identified in advance in order to ensure the limitation of failures. On the other hand, not all organizational initiatives have the same characteristics; when the achievement of specific targets is attempted then the methods used have to be carefully chosen – a balance between the cost of a specific strategic project and the expected benefits of this project must be pursued by managers in modern organizations. Current paper focuses on the examination of the strategic plans required for the increase of the market share of the firm LG in a particular sector: the televisions and audiovideo equipment. The firm’s current pricing strategy is reviewed and evaluated in order to decide on the appropriate of the marketing plans used in relation with th e specific marketing plan. It seems that the achievement of the specific target is feasible but specific measures will be required especially if taking into account the position of the firm’s competitors but also the challenges of the specific industry in all markets internationally.

U.S. foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S. foreign policy - Essay Example It is an observation that foreign policy of the US plays a crucial role in functions and operations of different countries around the globe, and this has been the reason of significant importance of different aspects of US foreign policy in international media and research.This paper is a similar attempt to analyze one of the major stakeholders of US foreign policy: public. In particular, the paper includes discussion and analysis of the perspective as whether public opinion matters in the decision-making process of US foreign policy or not. The paper includes different studies and reports that will be very beneficial in comprehensive understanding and validation of the discussion. Introduction In a democratic nation’s foreign policy, decisions are likely to be taken by the citizens and in support of the citizens. Governments are answerable to the citizens and the public would not clash, in view of the fact that it is public who finally pay the price and suffer for the most pa rt. Efforts of one government to control significant foreign policies of another by disturbing public opinion within that nation are not new to global relations. The British tried to influence United States view in support of joining both World Wars during the twentieth century. The issue of whether such efforts actually matter, however, stays open. United States public diplomacy throughout the post-9/11 phase certainly influenced by public opinion; however, the result is conditional on United States leaders’ trustworthiness in front of public... As a result, a foreign policy maker must be responsive to these restraints, master them, and rise above them, changing them to his or her determination (Hunt, p. 98, 2009). It is generally acknowledged by both researchers as well as the politicians that the balanced option is the leading approach to foreign policy making. This approach consists of identification and description of the problem; selection of objective; recognition of substitutes; and choice. Discussion In the foreign policy making procedure, the decision maker is not different to any normal human being who, after assessing the case, usually selects those measures, which almost certainly would attain the most excellent result. However, in the concept of rationalism, the rational is frequently puzzled with truth. If a foreign policy goes wrong, it is said that the decision makers worked unreasonably. However, whether correct or incorrect, if the decision was an act of study it can barely be unreasonable. Some that decisi on makers perform reasonably in conditions when they are stressed mainly in emergency, because in these circumstances, they have to be careful about their actions (Spanier & Hook, p. 395, 2009). The topic of public opinion along with its power in foreign policy has been an issue of argument both in and since the cold war between pragmatists and moderates. Arguments in favor of pragmatist view ‘can be found back in the eighteenth century’. â€Å"Edmund Burke a political philosopher contended that ‘A representative’s unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. Your representative owes you, not his industry

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Research Paper Example This paper explores attitude and concentration as two main elements that constitute professionalism in the hospitality industry. Attitude is a key factor in professionalism, and auspiciously, it is controllable. It denotes a person’s opinion towards a profession, and it is from this opinion that the character of a person is confessed. Every activity a person executes in the course of his hospitality career is a reflection of his or her attitude, such as the manner in which one relates with guests, coworkers, and customers. Being in control of one’s attitude is beneficial since one can develop a healthy attitude and sincere respect for the people one serves or works with, rather than seeing them as a necessary evil. A positive attitude will make the customers to respond positively, as well. In addition, the concentration of a person on a given task is a sure way of exhibiting professionalism. Concentration refers to being adept on what to do and at what time. Intrinsically, effective concentration involves the garnering of knowledge on what it takes to get a given task done. As Longstreet maintains, â€Å"There is no question that concentration takes practice† (Longstreet, 2013, P. 43). Practice is required to ensure that the actions and the decision making of a person are in harmony with each other. Naturally, the mind has the ability of carrying out several tasks simultaneously and hence causing a person’s concentration to disperse. However, through practice, a professional gets to learn on how to control his or her attention, which leads to effective self-control, a requisite skill in professionalism. In conclusion, each person working in the hospitality industry should be committed to being a professional and hence instancing growth in the industry. Through effective management of the controllable intangibles, such as attitude and

Religion in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion in America - Essay Example A well-documented example is women who would not marry again following the death of their husband. Choosing to be a single woman was considered by the Puritans to be disregarding ‘God’s will.’ These women were looked upon suspiciously and this choice heightened the chance that they would be accused of being a witch. Many of the rights and freedoms enjoyed by women today were brought about by women recognized for their courage and their ability to stand up for their gender such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Queen Victoria. However, there were many women involved in these early migrations to the new continent who held many of the traditional concepts regarding women’s true proper place in society without sacrificing their concepts of strength within the home. One of these women was Anne Hutchinson who brought the ideals of her modified belief system into the new world and helped establish a community that continues to survive today. Hutchinson began her life in England and traveled through Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, now the Bronx in New York before being killed there by Indians in one of the many disputes between natives and settlers that occurred during that time. She was baptized as Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on July 20, 1591 as a minister’s daughter, but her father always had questions about the church.1 Uncharacteristically, Anne was given a decent education and was permitted to reach a more mature age for marriage, not marrying William (Will) Hutchinson until she was 21. Throughout this period in England, Anne and her family had been following the teachings of John Cotton, whose views were strongly similar to those of Anne’s father, both of them taking exception with the structure of the church’s hierarchical configuration.2 Cotton was forced to leave England by the persecution of the Church of England authorities in 1633 and departed for

U.S. foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S. foreign policy - Essay Example It is an observation that foreign policy of the US plays a crucial role in functions and operations of different countries around the globe, and this has been the reason of significant importance of different aspects of US foreign policy in international media and research.This paper is a similar attempt to analyze one of the major stakeholders of US foreign policy: public. In particular, the paper includes discussion and analysis of the perspective as whether public opinion matters in the decision-making process of US foreign policy or not. The paper includes different studies and reports that will be very beneficial in comprehensive understanding and validation of the discussion. Introduction In a democratic nation’s foreign policy, decisions are likely to be taken by the citizens and in support of the citizens. Governments are answerable to the citizens and the public would not clash, in view of the fact that it is public who finally pay the price and suffer for the most pa rt. Efforts of one government to control significant foreign policies of another by disturbing public opinion within that nation are not new to global relations. The British tried to influence United States view in support of joining both World Wars during the twentieth century. The issue of whether such efforts actually matter, however, stays open. United States public diplomacy throughout the post-9/11 phase certainly influenced by public opinion; however, the result is conditional on United States leaders’ trustworthiness in front of public... As a result, a foreign policy maker must be responsive to these restraints, master them, and rise above them, changing them to his or her determination (Hunt, p. 98, 2009). It is generally acknowledged by both researchers as well as the politicians that the balanced option is the leading approach to foreign policy making. This approach consists of identification and description of the problem; selection of objective; recognition of substitutes; and choice. Discussion In the foreign policy making procedure, the decision maker is not different to any normal human being who, after assessing the case, usually selects those measures, which almost certainly would attain the most excellent result. However, in the concept of rationalism, the rational is frequently puzzled with truth. If a foreign policy goes wrong, it is said that the decision makers worked unreasonably. However, whether correct or incorrect, if the decision was an act of study it can barely be unreasonable. Some that decisi on makers perform reasonably in conditions when they are stressed mainly in emergency, because in these circumstances, they have to be careful about their actions (Spanier & Hook, p. 395, 2009). The topic of public opinion along with its power in foreign policy has been an issue of argument both in and since the cold war between pragmatists and moderates. Arguments in favor of pragmatist view ‘can be found back in the eighteenth century’. â€Å"Edmund Burke a political philosopher contended that ‘A representative’s unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. Your representative owes you, not his industry

Religion in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion in America - Essay Example A well-documented example is women who would not marry again following the death of their husband. Choosing to be a single woman was considered by the Puritans to be disregarding ‘God’s will.’ These women were looked upon suspiciously and this choice heightened the chance that they would be accused of being a witch. Many of the rights and freedoms enjoyed by women today were brought about by women recognized for their courage and their ability to stand up for their gender such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Queen Victoria. However, there were many women involved in these early migrations to the new continent who held many of the traditional concepts regarding women’s true proper place in society without sacrificing their concepts of strength within the home. One of these women was Anne Hutchinson who brought the ideals of her modified belief system into the new world and helped establish a community that continues to survive today. Hutchinson began her life in England and traveled through Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, now the Bronx in New York before being killed there by Indians in one of the many disputes between natives and settlers that occurred during that time. She was baptized as Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on July 20, 1591 as a minister’s daughter, but her father always had questions about the church.1 Uncharacteristically, Anne was given a decent education and was permitted to reach a more mature age for marriage, not marrying William (Will) Hutchinson until she was 21. Throughout this period in England, Anne and her family had been following the teachings of John Cotton, whose views were strongly similar to those of Anne’s father, both of them taking exception with the structure of the church’s hierarchical configuration.2 Cotton was forced to leave England by the persecution of the Church of England authorities in 1633 and departed for

Grapes of Wrath and Migration Experience Essay Example for Free

Grapes of Wrath and Migration Experience Essay The novel, â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† by John Steinbeck, takes you on a chronicle of one family’s migration, from Oklahoma to California as a result of exodus. The family is forced to migrate west in search of a livelihood during the great depression of the 1930’s. The structure of the chapters in this book alternate between narrating the journey of the Joad family with descriptions of the westward movement of migrant farmers in the 1930s as they flee drought and industry. Steinbeck, a native of California, draws from first hand experiences to guide the reader not only along the journey of one family in particular, the Joad’s but, to also expose the desperate conditions of migrant farming-families faced during the great depression in America. The Joad family was a part of a migration of people called â€Å"okies† which were farmers from the southwest that migrated westward in search of opportunity. The Okies were farmers whose topsoil blew away due to dust storms and were forced to migrate along Route 66 to California in search of work. The Okies were resented for migrating in large numbers to areas in the West where work was already hard to find and the sudden multitude of workers caused wages to be lowered. The Joads reside in Oklahoma, referred to as the Dust Bowl of the U. S . because of its lack of rain. The Joads’ were sharecroppers evicted from their homes because they failed to pay the bank their loan payments to the Shawnee Land and Cattle Company. The entire area was being evicted by the land owners, forcing sharecroppers’ to leave all that they have ever know and cared for behind in search of a sustained life elsewhere. The novel opens up by introducing the main characters and painting a picture of a dried up withering Oklahoma farming region. Released from an Oklahoma state prison after serving four years of a manslaughter conviction, Tom Joad makes his way back to his familys farm amid the desolation of the Dust Bowl. He meets Jim Casy, a former preacher and the man who baptized Tom as a child. Tom gives the old preacher a drink from his flask of liquor, and Casy tells Tom how he decided to stop preaching. He admits that he had a habit of taking girls â€Å"out in the grass† after prayer meetings and tells Tom that he was conflicted for some time, not knowing how to reconcile his sexual appetite with his responsibility for these young women’s souls. Eventually, however, he came to the decision that â€Å"there ain’t no sin and there ain’t no virtue. There’s just stuff people do. It’s all part of the same thing. † No longer convinced that human pleasures run counter to a divine plan, Casy believes that the human spirit is the Holy Spirit. Jim accompanies Tom to his family’s farm; when they find it deserted, fronted by withered crops, they find Muley in that house. Muley is an old family friend that stayed behinde while his family leaves for California to tend to his rightful land. He explains haltingly that a large company has bought all the land in the area and evicted the tenant farmers in order to cut labor costs. The three men proceed forward traveling to Toms Uncle Johns house, where they find the Joads preparing for a long trip to California in search of work. The entire family has gone to work picking cotton in hopes of earning enough money to buy a car and make the journey to California. Large California landowners have poster announcement for employment throughout western Oklahoma, and Ma and Pa Joad have decided to move their family their; evicted from their farm by the bank that owned it, they feel as though they have no choice. Once Tom has been reunited with his family, in the following chapters, the narrator assumes the voice of generic tenant farmers, expressing what their possessions and memories of their homes mean to them. The farmers are forced to pawn most of their belongings, both to raise money for the trip and simply because they cannot take them on the road. Steinbeck makes it apparent during this section of the novel that he believes that the economic system makes everyone a victim—rich and poor, privileged and disenfranchised. All are caught â€Å"in something larger than themselves. † This is used to give reference to the bigger picture of society and how situations dictate undesired behavior. In a sense it was a way of taking some hatred off the people hired to kick people off their lands because these people too lost their livelihood. When the time comes to leave, Muley Graves bids the family good-bye, but Grampa suddenly wants to stay. He claims that he aims to live off the land like Muley and continues to protest loudly until the Joads lace his coffee with sleeping medicine. Once the old man is asleep, the family loads him onto the truck and begins the long journey west. When the families leave the farms, the land if left vacant, and is worked by people with no connection to the land. This is used to drive home a theme of man and his relationship to the land as a symbol of ownership. Such a separation between work and life causes men to lose wonder for their work and for the land. As the Joads make their way down highway 66, it is described as being backed-up and filled with broken down poor farmers getting ripped off by auto repair shops selling parts. Steinbeck suggests that the hardships the families face stem from more than harsh weather conditions or simple misfortune. Human beings, acting with calculated greed, are responsible for much of their sorrow. Such selfishness separates people from one another, disabling the kind of unity and brotherhood that Casy deems holy. It creates an ugly animosity that pits man against man, as is clear in Chapter 12, when a gas station attendant suggests that California is becoming overcrowded with migrants†. Steinbeck uses Pa Joad to embody the desire to be connected with the land, this is displayed by his willingness to stay back from his family to tend and live off his native soils. Conversely Jim Casy represents the focus of the family and it’s the most important aspect is to stay together. Ma Joad also represents the glu holding the family together and the backbone of the family unit. The family reaches Oklahoma City, while here they suffer the loss of their dog, and Grandpa Joad, and are forced to give them informal funerals due to a lack of money. After suffering such a major loss, the family picks up new passenger the Wilson’s a family they met broke- down on the side of the road. A few days down the road the family gets told by a car salesman that implications of open jobs in California are false. This brings a large sense of worry among the family because there survival depends on the opportunities waiting in California. At this point of the novel the many amilies traveling along the road have come together as one family creating a sense of comfort and belonging. The people have created rules and enforcement of law; this is a drastic change in identity and life. They are no longer farmers but migrant men. The family reaches California, marking a major shift in the journey. Once in California, the family is warned by Ma that the family is falling apart, as a result of the passing Grandma and the separation from the Wilson’s. Coming after two sets of dire warnings from ruined migrant workers, Granma’s death bodes especially ill for the Joads. They now seem fated to live out the cautionary tales of the men they have met in Chapters 16 and 18, who now seem like predictors of the future. Before the Joads even set foot on its soil, California proves to be a land of vicious hostility rather than of opportunity. The unwelcoming attitudes of the police officers and border guards seem to testify to the harsh reception that awaits the family. Once in California the family is forced to move north by authority, which do not take a liking for the okies. The family reaches a camp where they stay for a little while. This camp was a squatter settlement of okies with no food or work to speak of. This is an unsettling feeling for the Joads and a sense of anguish settles over the family. A man come into the came looking for people to work, but he does not have the proper papers and will not disclose the wages to the workers. This creates skepticism by for the okies and a scuffle breaks out. Which results in Jim Casy taking the blame for Tom knocking out a police officer. The men take Jim Casy away and the Joads flee in search of safety and work. The family finds work in a peach orchard where they get paid 5 cents a basket. That evening, Al goes looking for girls, and Tom, curious about the trouble on the roadside, goes to investigate. Guards turn him away at the orchard gate, but Tom sneaks under the gate and starts down the road. He comes upon a tent and discovers that one of the men inside is Jim Casy. Jim tells Tom about his experience in prison and reports that he now works to organize the migrant farmers. He explains that the owner of the peach orchards cut wages to two-and-a-half cents a box, so the men went on strike. Now the owner has hired a new group of men in hopes of breaking the strike. Casy predicts that by tomorrow, even the strike-breakers will be making only two-and-a-half cents per box. Tom and Casy see flashlight beams, and two policemen approach them, recognizing Casy as the workers’ leader and referring to him as a communist. As Casy protests that the men are only helping to starve children, one of them crushes his skull with a pick handle. Tom flies into a rage and wields the pick handle on Casy’s murderer, killing him before receiving a blow to his own head. He manages to run away and makes it back to his family. In the morning, when they discover his wounds and hear his story, Tom offers to leave so as not to bring any trouble to them. Ma, however, insists that he stay. They leave the peach farm and head off to find work picking cotton. Tom hides in a culvert close to the plantation—his crushed nose and bruised face would bring suspicion upon him—and the family sneaks food to him. Word gets out that Tom is a murder and is forced to leave his family. Before he leave he has a hear to heart with his mother, he speaks of Jim Casy and his way of spirituality for the greater good. As Tom leaves his family to fight for social justice, he completes the transformation that began several chapters earlier. Initially lacking the patience and energy to consider the future at all, he marches off to lead the struggle toward making that future a kinder and gentler one. The Joads are left to work on the farm but, then there is a six day flood that wipes away the families cars and settlement. This forces the family to set off on foot for higher ground. Al decides to stay with the Wainwrights and Agnes. Traveling on foot, the remaining Joads spot a barn and head toward it. There, they find a dying man and small boy. The boy tells them that his father has not eaten for six days, having given all available food to his son. The man’s health has deteriorated to such an extent that he cannot digest solid food; he needs soup or milk. Ma looks to Rose of Sharon, and the girl at once understands her unstated thoughts. Rose of Sharon asks everyone to leave the barn and, once alone, she approaches the starving man. Despite his protests, she holds him close and suckles him. This is the closing of the book, which for me is an amazing ending. It was symbol of family and the fight for the greater good of the common people. Analysis In the Grapes of Wrath, we are taken along side a family of okies, who are forced to migrate west. Through this journey we can use the insights of the suffering the migrants went though to better understand the immigrant experience. Throughout history outsiders have driven people off their native land. They fall victim to the physical and environmental forces that drive them off the land. Immigrants or in this case migrant workers are labeled as trash and are used as capital gain and cheap labor. This is due a lack of options and the people are forced to work for unfair pay and to be treated unjust. The Dust bowl was an ecological and human disaster in the Southwestern Great Plains regions of the United States in the 1930s. The areas affected were Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. The poor handling of the land and years of drought caused this great disaster (Jones History). During this time the Okiesa name given to the migrants that traveled from Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, or anywhere in the Southwest or the northern plains to Californiaencountered many hardships. These hardships are brilliantly shown in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. Scholars agree, The most important fact about the dust storms was not scientific but human: their tragic effect upon people seeking livelihood on the stricken Midwestern farms (French 4). Steinbeck believed society was inhumane to the Okies and through his novel we can account for how the Okies were treated. By looking at Steinbecks own personal background and information from historical commentaries we are better able to grasp his reasoning for writing the novel because he understood what it was like to grow up as a farmer, and an outsider. More importantly, however, we are able to share in his compassion for the Okies. To fully understand Steinbecks reasoning for writing the novel it is important to look at his family and where he grew up. John Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas California. His parents were middle-class people who played many roles in the community and cultural life. His father worked as a manager of a flourmill, and his mother taught in a one-room rural school (Swisher 13). Steinbecks compassion for the Okies is clearly seen in passages like, this: The Okies are resourceful, and intelligent Americans who have gone through the hell of the drought, have seen their lands wither and die and the topsoil blow away: and this, to a man who has owned his land, is a curious and terrible pain (French 56). The encounters Steinbeck had with the Okies inspired him to write The Grapes of Wrath (Swisher 20). The Okies were not only exposed to greed but also to the terrible feeling of an empty, deprived stomach. Steinbeck remarks, And in the South he [a homeless, hungry man] saw the golden oranges hanging on trees, the little golden oranges on the dark green trees; and guards with shotguns patrolling the lines so a man might not pick an orange for a thin child, oranges to be dumped if the price was low (318). In conclusion Steinbeck wants his readers to feel the pain of the Okies. They were discriminated against because of a circumstance (The Dust bowl) they had no control over. Steinbeck can relate to this inhumane treatment because he too had suffered teasing and hatred based solely on his physical characteristics. Nature handed the Okies and Steinbeck a bad hand and he wanted society to grasp the reality of human unkindness. Steinbeck writes, If you [land owners] could separate causes (hunger in a stomach, hunger in a single soul, hunger for joy and security) from results (growing labor unity, striking at new taxes, widening government), if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin, were results, not causes, you might survive. But that you can not know. For the quality of owning freezes you forever into I, and cuts you off forever from the we (Steinbeck 206). So we can use Steinbeck’s life experiences and historical references to use the Joads journey west to better understand the immigrant experience.

A Normal Guy Biography Of Julius English Literature Essay

A Normal Guy Biography Of Julius English Literature Essay Normality is often hard to define. A French sociologist, Emile Durkheim, indicated in his book that normal is the most common behavior in society. Julius Tamara runs a jewelry store which is well known through the city in one of the streets that is full of competitors, Jl. Pasir Koja. And this is about how normal he was and he is. Born in the City of Flowers or Bandung, the third largest city in Indonesia. Julius grew up in not so small family, he had 3 brothers and 3 sisters. Being in a moderate family, he seems to enjoy his childhood where he rode bicycle with his friends, playing with sticks, stones and whatever they have at that time. Its really different from these modern times, there was no television, let alone computer. Radio is likely to be the only electronic based media they have. One funny thing is he seems to broke it a couple of times. Julius is a bad tempered person, even as a child. He loves to angry very much, this is maybe because he was always being accused of breaking things when he didnt, so it is some kind of inner defensive mechanism. Say one thing that might offended him, you wont get it away just like that. Apart of being a bad tempered person, he was actually just a normal child. Julius laughed when he said he was afraid of dark, ghost and supernatural things. He also wanted to be like what other child wanted to be like doctors, astronauts, soldiers, and many more, even though he never achieved one of those and become something else. While other families find their children to be troublesome when they are in their teens, Julius is an exception, losing his older brother at the age of 15 is not one simple thing, its a trivial matter to a grown up teens but he never found himself troublesome to others except with the bullies. He was talking like a grown up when he was in his teens and he never asked question like why he was born like many other teenagers would probably do. He said that his friends were just finding themselves as they are in their development age. Strange thing, he doesnt seem to include himself in it. Despite of what other might say, growing up from a normal child, he was still a normal teenager, he hate bullies but he never afraid of one, he said that he got into trouble with the bullies once and have some childish fight, but he didnt hit even once, he just let them hit him as much as they like cause he knows that the if he fights back, hes just getting himself into more troubles and that will made him looked childish. Apart from the bully things, he also fell in love like other teens, he smiled when he said about this, but he never revealed the name. Like a normal teens, he used to hangout with his friends a lot. If someone asked about who is his best friend, he would probably answer his whole classmate. We love to do crazy things together, he said. They used to play a game, The rule is simple, after the break time when the teacher hasnt come to the class, we need to drag people from other class to our class and force them to stay in our class until the teacher chase him out and its a score Julius explained further. By the look of his, he really enjoys his adolescence very much, the way he explain things and more. Apart of that, growing up in a moderate family, losing a brother sure was a difficult thing for Julius, this is maybe the cause why he doesnt seem to like talking about his family as he likes talking about his friends. He always talked to the point and straight forward in a short sentence. Even though he said it was okay, but for a normal person, it wouldnt be okay to lose a brother. On the other hand, the loss of his brother sure was a hell of an experience for him. This life is cruel, he said. He knows it very well that he was still fortunate to live in such a family and in such a time, at least it was better than before 1945 which was the Japanese era. This might be another reason why he could develop such a personality in such a small age. One random fact, he never wanted to run away from house and its because he knows that theres no other place to go beside home, and what could he possibly do as a teenager anyway. Julius was old enough to see the incident in 30th September 1965. An attempted coup led by anti-communist party in Indonesia. This incident cause more than half million of people to die. It was one of the fearful times of all incidents in Indonesia. Not only that, Julius lives through the New Order era where all the Chinese people would need to hide in fear because of the anti-chinese laws made by the government. As other people would likely to feel, Julius hated the government very much. People live in fear, there is no place for Chinese people to stay in Indonesia, the Chinese Embassy in Jakarta was burned down by a mob. Several of the anti-chinese laws were to limit/restrict the Chinese culture like celebrating Chinese New Year and civil rights, including the adoption of Indonesian sounding names. This is the reason why Julius named himself as Julius which was not Julius before the New Order era. On the flipside, there were fewer corruptions than nowadays. Julius did finish his senior high, but he couldnt afford to continue his study to the university as he still has his brothers and sisters. Even if he could afford it that time, it would be impossible to get in a university because of the anti-chinese laws. Not going to university, no problem, he studied business by himself and doing some little business at the same time. This little business of his is actually a simple business trick, buying something at a lower price and sells it again at higher price to gain profit. After some time, he dares himself to open up a jewelry business which is quite a dangerous thing to do at that time. The place where he opened up the store is quite dangerous, there was an incident, a competitor of his was robbed and 3 people were shot. It was not far from his place, about 3 blocks away. The impact was so strong that he closed his business for a week. God really did his job to protect this man at that time. The robbers were actually targeting Julius sto re, but when the robbers asked a person who was selling meatball in front of his store about which one has more profit, he randomly answered the one that was 3 blocks away from Julius. Speaking of God, his family has a complicated belief. Julius and his wife are Buddhist, some of his siblings are Catholics and some other are Buddhist, and his oldest son and two daughter move to Protestant while the smallest moves to Catholics, this applies to his siblings son and daughter also which is very complicated. This is the reason why he doesnt like to talk about religious stuff very much. Despite of having different beliefs, they actually are a very harmonic family. They always support each other when they are in need. Julius loves to travel to China more than any other place. This was not because he is a Chinese. This is because that China is really a great place to go. The scenery is very beautiful there, its like youre in a fairy tale, he explains. Having two sons and two daughters, Julius still has something that troubles him. Apparently, his sons and daughters are not interested in this jewelry business of his. The oldest son is taking international law, while the daughters plan to make their own business. Hoping for the smallest, but it seems he is interested in IT. It would be such a loss if this business died he sighed.